Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganisms and about 100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that dwell in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies suggest that the GM can influence the health of the host, and several factors can modify the GM composition, such as diet, drug intake, lifestyle, and geographical locations. Gut dysbiosis can affect brain immune homeostasis through the microbiota–gut–brain axis and can play a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The relationship between gut dysbiosis and AD is still elusive, but emerging evidence suggests that it can enhance the secretion of lipopolysaccharides and amyloids that may disturb intestinal permeability and the blood–brain barrier. In addition, it can promote the hallmarks of AD, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta formation, insulin resistance, and ultimately the causation of neural death. Poor dietary habits and aging, along with inflammatory responses due to dysbiosis, may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, GM modulation through diet, probiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation could represent potential therapeutics in AD. In this review, we discuss the role of GM dysbiosis in AD and potential therapeutic strategies to modulate GM in AD.
Highlights
Probiotics, and other therapeutic strategies have positive effects on gut microbiota (GM) modulation that may be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as these factors alter the composition of the GM and have a positive impact on the host, improving the health status of the gut and body overall [3]
This review summarizes the role of GM dysbiosis, microbial metabolites, and metabolic impairment in AD
The fungal taxa of the GM with gut bacteria correlates with AD markers [120]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The human body hosts trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses. These symbiotic microorganisms can be beneficial, neutral or detrimental to the host and play regulatory functions in both health and disease. They can be found in the urogenital organs, respiratory tract, skin surface, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Probiotics, and other therapeutic strategies have positive effects on GM modulation that may be helpful in the treatment of AD, as these factors alter the composition of the GM and have a positive impact on the host, improving the health status of the gut and body overall [3]. The role of potential therapeutic strategies in modulating the GM composition and techniques to characterize the gut microbiome are highlighted
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