Crosslinking of Epoxidized Natural Rubber with Borax for Self-Healing and Self-Repairing Properties: pH Dependence.

Abstract

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) crosslinked using borax, which exhibits self-healing and self-repairing properties, is successfully developed. The crosslink formation of ENR by using borax under neutral and alkaline conditions is investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the borate-ester bond is formed in ENR prepared under both neutral and alkaline conditions, whereas boron nuclear magnetic resonance (11 B-NMR) results exhibit that the ENR prepared under alkaline conditions more actively forms crosslink networks with borax. Moreover, the crosslink density and gel content increase significantly with the presence of borax in alkaline conditions. The crosslink density and gel content of ENR with 10 phr borax are higher by 155% and 36%, respectively, than those of neat ENR. Furthermore, the formation of the crosslinking ENR by borax enhances self-healing and self-repairing properties. The healing efficiency significantly increases from 1.09% to 85.90%, when ENR is developed under alkaline conditions with 30 phr borax. These results represent the first successful demonstration of the efficient use of borax as a crosslinker in ENR, which exhibits its promising self-healing and self-repairing properties under atmospheric conditions without the need for external stimuli. The ENR prepared in this work holds great promise for various self-healing rubber applications.