Abstract
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors belonging to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. The isoforms of PPAR include PPAR alpha, PPAR gamma and PPAR delta (also known as PPAR beta). Generally, PPARs potentiate insulin sensitivity, improve glucose/lipid metabolism, suppress inflammation/oxidative stress, attenuate excessive immune responses, regulate cell-growth and differentiation. Interestingly, agonists of PPAR gamma and PPAR alpha have been shown to upregulate the heme-oxygenase (HO)-system. Conversely, the HO-system also enhances PPAR alpha, and potentiates the expression and activity of PPAR gamma. Moreover, the HO-system and related products including bilirubin, biliverdin, carbon monoxide and ferritin have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, improve glucose/lipid metabolism, suppress inflammation/oxidative stress, abate immune response, and modulate cell-growth/differentiation. Therefore, an intimate, reciprocal, stimulatory and synergistic relationship between PPAR-signaling and the HO-system can be envisaged in the regulation of physiological functions. Thus, both the HO-system and PPARs-signaling participate in fine-tuning similar physiological functions, so novel pharmacological agents capable of optimizing this interaction should be sought. The coordinated regulation of PPAR-signaling and the HO-system may constitute the basis for future drug design.
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