Cross-links techniques in the manufacturing of smart biomaterials for implanting bone tissue: A systematic review

Abstract

The chemical bonding and cross-linking procedures improve the structural integrity and compatibility of smart biomaterials for establishing bone tissue, making them useful for long-lasting uses in medicine. Because of their advantageous qualities, biological macromolecules known as biomaterials have somewhat supplanted traditional tissue transplanting methods in biomedical applications. Cross-linkers have been demonstrated to be a clever and promising technique in this respect, enhancing the biological functioning of biopolymers. Improving implant function and encouraging efficient bone regeneration need the use of cutting-edge technology in biomaterial design. Standard cross-linkers, such as glutaraldehyde, are employed in a variety of bio-implants; nevertheless, there is considerable disagreement over their possible toxicity. The influence of several cross-linking techniques, such as chemical, physical and enzymatic methods, on the mechanical, biological and structural characteristics of smart biomaterials is highlighted in this study's thorough analysis. The focus on these cross-linking approaches’ capacity to regulate important attributes includes regulated medication release, biocompatibility and bioactivity. The paper discusses the potential and difficulties of cross-linking techniques in the framework of tissue engineering of bones. This offers insightful information that can guide future advancements in the creation of intelligent biomaterials for the best possible uses in bone implants. The paper discusses the diverging and converging cross-linking techniques' methodology, placing particular emphasis on identifying the cross linking modalities' present constraints and potential future applications in bone tissue development.