Abstract
Low delay and long lifetime are a very important issue for industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) in which it require long-time monitoring of industrial sites and respond quickly to events that is monitored; therefore, high delay communications can cause serious damage to property and personnel at industrial field. Due to delay, lifetime, and other performance involved to multiple layers, it is difficult to optimize from a single layer. Therefore, a cross-layer design optimal scheme for reducing delay and maximizing lifetime (RDML) scheme is proposed for IWSNs which is from several layers such as transmitted power, duty cycle, and node deployment positions to optimize the network performance of delay and lifetime etc. Firstly, due to the node which sends a packet within a cycle, different duty cycle leads to different selection of the modulation level, resulting in different power consumption efficiency of transmitting data. Through careful analysis, the optimal value of the duty cycle is given which has the lowest energy consumption per bit. In fact, the energy consumption of the node is not balanced. Therefore, an optimization method of changing the duty cycle is proposed. In this paper, larger duty cycle is chosen for nodes with residual energy to improve the reliability of data transmission, reducing the probability of data retransmission, so that the network delay can be reduced in IWSNs. Third, based on the previous analysis, a network optimization deployment algorithm is proposed, which not only maximizes the energy efficiency of a single node but also maximizes the network lifetime and the total network energy efficiency. Both our comprehensive theoretical analysis results indicate that the performance of RDML scheme is better than the previous studies. Relative to equal distance and optimal duty cycle scheme, the RDML scheme can reduce the delay by 19–30% and increase the lifetime by more than 43%.
Highlights
1 Introduction Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are important components of Internet of things (IoT) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] which leverage the ubiquity of sensor-equipped devices to collect information at low cost and provide a new paradigm for solving the complex sensing applications from the significant demands of industrial applications such as [2, 4] surveillance systems [10,11,12,13,14,15], intelligent traffic management [16, 17], and automated vehicles in environmental transportation [18,19,20]
This paper further studies the deficiencies of the previous studies, and the main innovation of the paper is as follows: (1)Firstly, the optimal duty cycle of the nodes is obtained from the theoretical analysis when the energy consumption of per bit data successfully received is smallest
7 Conclusions In this paper, we propose a cross-layer design scheme for IWSNs which is from duty cycle and node deployment and other layers to optimize the network lifetime and delay
Summary
Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are important components of Internet of things (IoT) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] which leverage the ubiquity of sensor-equipped devices to collect information at low cost and provide a new paradigm for solving the complex sensing applications from the significant demands of industrial applications such as [2, 4] surveillance systems [10,11,12,13,14,15], intelligent traffic management [16, 17], and automated vehicles in environmental transportation [18,19,20]. The key to reduce energy consumption and increasing network lifetime is how to maintain efficient communications [36,37,38,39,40, 42]. When the node is in active mode, the energy consumption is large, especially when receiving data and sending data. Due to the different bits of the data packet, the node adopts the method of changing the modulation level to send a packet in a cycle. It is assumed the node unit time to send is Ts and the channel bandwidth B equals 1/Ts, because the time of the node work in a cycle is Ton_time. Sending a packet of length L in a cycle is guaranteed
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