Abstract
Abstract Phallic malformations directly impact crocodilian copulatory function and thus could impact reproductive success in individual animals. This case series characterizes malformations observed and the implied reproductive consequences. We assessed a range of phallic malformations observed in saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), and Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) during veterinary examinations or postmortem studies and characterized observation into the following categories: amputation, phallic glans malformations, sulcus spermaticus obstruction, and prolapse. Through detailed descriptions of these anomalies, we discuss potential reproductive health impact based on current knowledge across crocodilian species. When considering captive management of breeding stock, it is vital to examine individual efficacy at achieving proper intromission and insemination. Therefore, full reproductive examination in males should be part of routine examination to best manage individuals with such anomalies.
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