Critical Evaluation of Gender Discrimination and Glass Ceiling Effect in the Indian and International Universities in UAE

Abstract

The obstacles that lead to the under-representation of women in leadership and upper level management positions are commonly described in scholarly works and the media as glass ceilings (Barreto et al., 2009; McLeod, 2008; Weyer, 2007). The term glass ceiling was used basically in corporate field as the Wall Street Journal promoted this issue in March 1986. It described conflict that arose when qualified women were denied higher positions in corporate ladder and did not get equally paid for similar types of work. There is a strong need for ongoing investigations into the causes and consequences of glass ceilings. Women around the world have been moving steadily into occupations, professions and managerial jobs previously reserved for men. Their access to education and training continues to improve, providing many with the necessary qualifications to aspire to jobs in senior management. The present study is concerned with critical evaluation of gender discrimination and glass ceiling effect. The purpose of the present study is to identify the variables which play a vital role in glass ceiling effect based on gender. The study primarily focuses on gender difference/glass ceiling effect in case of Universities with special reference to Indian vs International Universities in Dubai.