Abstract
We study how much water can be retained without leaking through boundaries when each unit square of a two-dimensional lattice is randomly assigned a block of unit bottom area but with different heights from zero to n-1. As more blocks are put into the system, there exists a phase transition beyond which the system retains a macroscopic volume of water. We locate the critical points and verify that the criticality belongs to the two-dimensional percolation universality class. If the height distribution can be approximated as continuous for large n, the system is always close to a critical point and the fraction of the area below the resulting water level is given by the percolation threshold. This provides a universal upper bound of areas that can be covered by water in a random landscape.
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