Creation of high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine

Abstract

An effective condition for stabilizing the yields of winter soft wheat over the years is selection for high plasticity, for the resistance of new varieties to unfavorable environmental factors, which is possible when creating varieties in the zone where they appear. The purpose of the research is to create the initial material and high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat in conditions of insufficient moisture in the southeastern part of the Steppe of Ukraine. The research was carried out according to the method of field work by B. A. Dospekhov and the method of state variety testing of agricultural crops. Research methods: hybridological, field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. The main method of breeding winter wheat is hybridization of the best domestic and foreign varieties, followed by targeted selection in the second-sixth generation of hybrids. The experiments were carried out in the period from 2017 to 2020. in the fields of a seven-field selective crop rotation. According to the research results, it was found that out of 348 hybrid combinations of the second-sixth generations, 16130 lines were selected for sowing in a breeding nursery. In it, 7200 lines were assessed and 1780 numbers were selected for study in the control nursery. After a comprehensive assessment in the control nursery, out of 2830 numbers, 386 numbers were left for study in the previous variety trial. In the preliminary variety trial, 198 numbers were studied; 77 numbers were left for further study. In a small competitive variety trial for grain yield, 15 hybrid combinations were distinguished, which exceeded the standard Donetskaya 48 by 0.48-1.57 t / ha. In the competitive variety trials for yield per pair, the best were hybrid combinations gk4, gk318, gk321, which exceeded the Donetsk 48 standard by 0.21-0.51 t / ha, after corn for silage - gk321, gk363, gk318, gk716/1, of which the increase to the standard was 0.15-0.47 t/ha.In terms of yield in ecological variety testing, the best winter wheat varieties were Boginya, Popelyushka, DivoDonetskoe, OberegMironovsky, Yuzovskaya, Igristaya, Peremoga, Patriotka, which exceeded the standard variety Donetskaya 48 by 0.35-0.68 t/ha. New varieties of winter wheat Vezha and Almaz of bakery direction of use, undemanding to the agricultural background, maximally adapted to the arid conditions of the southeastern Steppe of Ukraine, are under state testing. Key words: selection, winter wheat, hybridization, variety, yield.