Creating and Evolution Centralized Scientific Journals Remote Access System for Information Support of Russian Scientific Research

The article analyses contribution of V.R. Firsov to the development of librarianship and library science. V.R. Firsov formed and continues to develop the new direction in library science — regulatory support for the activities of libraries; he is one of the main creators of the existing regulatory framework for the development of libraries in Russia. V.R. Firsov took an active part in the development of the most important legislative acts related to the library sphere: Federal Law of December 29, 1994 No. 78-FZ “On Librarianship”, the Concept of Part II of the “Model Library Code of the CIS Countries”, the Model Law “On Public Library”.Under the leadership of V.R. Firsov, the Russian Library Association (RLA) adopted many legal documents, including “Priorities for the Development of the Russian Library Association for 2011—2015”, “Code of Professional Ethics of the Russian Librarian”, “All-Russian Program for Preservation of Library Collections. The Second Stage: 2011—2020”, “Model Standard for Public Library Activity”, “Model Standard for the Activity of Special Library for the Blind of the Subjects of the Russian Federation”, “Guidelines for Public Libraries of Russia on Services for Young Adults”, etc.V.R. Firsov is the main developer and author-compiler of documents defining the status and development of the National Library of Russia (NLR): the Charter of the National Library of Russia, the Strategy for the Development of the National Library of Russia for the period up to 2020, the Concept for the Development of the National Library of Russia for 2018—2025. Thanks to his efforts, the role of the NLR as scientific and methodological centre of Russian libraries and modern scientific institution has increased; there have been created conditions for the development of the NLR as institution of additional professional education.V.R. Firsov is the author of more than 400 scientific publications (monographs, reference books, articles in the leading professional periodicals); a number of his collections on international acts in the field of librarianship, cultural policy in Europe and reading problems have been published. He took part in the creation of the “Library Encyclopaedia” (2007). V.R. Firsov is rightfully one of the leading scientists and organisers of library science, who has significant impact on the development of librarianship and library science in Russia and the CIS countries in the late 20th — early 21st century.

This paper describes results of a survey conducted among the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) grant-holders. The aim of this paper is to examine the attitude of grant holders to new multi-channel funding system and to assess its significance for Russian scientists involved in research in natural and applied sciences. It is a first attempt to get a fair and general picture of what scientists think about competitive funding. In 1999, 1440 questionnaires were distributed by mail. The response rate was 31.8%. The results of the survey clearly show that proposal writing has become a substantial part of research activity in Russia. Each respondent received more than 5 grants during 1993-1997. The RFBR and foreign funding agencies, particularly ISF, INTAS, and the Civilian Research and Development Foundation equally evaluated Russian scientists' performance: about 69.% of RFBR grant-holders were awarded a grant from foreign agencies. The present findings are being used, as a practical matter, to guide and inform the Ministry of Science and Technology Policy which is responsible for the promotion R in Russia to organize a special training for students and post docs on proposal writing.

The purpose of the article is to compare the functional characteristics of electronic resources that serve as a medium for accumulating scientific content and evaluating its quality. The methodology involves the use of such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, comparison, statistical method. The scientific novelty of the work is the formation of a system of functional features of electronic scientific resources in the context of completeness of satisfying the information needs of the scientific activity support. Conclusions. In order to integrate scientific research into the international information space and to evaluate the quality of scientific knowledge, scientific citation databases perform their main function: to be a tool for forming a single information environment and a source base for information support of the scientific activity and conducting scientometric research. The functionality of search engines and databases is provided by the organization ofscientific content in the following aspects: content coverage, research areas coverage, data representation, search tools. The highest content coverage has a Google Scholar resource that contains the maximum number of types of scientific content. The basic scientific content that is presented in all the analyzed resources is scientific articles. The analysis of the research areas coverage of electronic scientific resources shows that all the analyzed scientific resources are multidisciplinary. Scopus and DOAJ are the leaders in the numberof basic scientific categories. The analysis of electronic scientific resources by the level of generalization of scientific content confirmed the status of Scopus, WоS, Google Scholar and “Ukrainika scientific” as reference resources. The most comprehensive abstract content is provided by Scopus and WоS resources. An analysis of the search engine of scientific electronic resources shows that the most complete search tools are the Scopusand WоS databases. Domestic resource “Ukrainika Scientific” is characterized by a sufficiently powerful search system too. Google Scholar has the least extensive search filter system. An analysis of the principles of evaluating scientific content has shown the widespread use of traditional metrics: both common (Hirsch index) and original within a particular resource. There is a tendency to involve alternative methodologies forevaluating scientific content.Key words: citation database, electronic resource, search engine, scientific content, functional feature, scientometry

Introduction. Electronic acquisition budgets are indicators of the information supply of research and education in the organization and affect its research output. The national level subscription to the global citation indexes Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus and the Freedom Collection of Elsevier released 70% of eleсtronic acquisition expenditures in the Russian libraries. The article studies the effect of the state-funded national subscription on the structure and temporal dynamics of material and electronic acquisition budgets in the Russian libraries.Materials and Methods. Materials comprise results of the data processing of the surveys on acquisition budgets in 2012–2018 and published results of the international surveys. Following our previous studies, we analyzed three main reference groups: universities (with a separate group of the Russian leading universities), research institutions and public libraries. For the purpose of this study, we created additional sub-groups of leading institutions (centers of excellence) in each reference group. From the survey data we calculated the average unit costs (both of the material and electronic acquisition budgets) in each reference group/sub-group. We also calculated relative shares of electronic and print resources in the library material budgets.Results. Since 2016, the material budgets of Russian libraries have grown after the fall caused by the economic crisis in 2014. The state-funded national subscription to the global citation indexes and the Freedom Collection of Elsevier resulted in the 2–4 times decrease in material and electronic acquisition budgets of the centers of excellence in each reference group.Discussion and Conclusions. For the first time, our study revealed the negative effect of the state-funded national subscription on the material and acquisition budgets in Russian organizations. We registered a decrease in the material budgets of the major Russian public and scientific libraries and universities.

This paper presents the most important principles and features of construction and operation of the interuniversity scientific and educational network. This network is created for training of engineers in the field of automation, robotics and mechatronic systems. There were four main components of the distance education realized in the network. 1. Lectures in special disciplines were delivered by the leading professors, special educational materials in the form of electronic resources (in several languages) were used for the lectures. These electronic resources contained many demonstration examples illustrating implementation of the studied theoretical material in practice. 2. The laboratory classes in these disciplines were done with a remote use of the laboratory facilities available to all the network participants. 3. The remote education in the project design is based on the results already received during implementation of real scientific and commercial projects (including for industrial application). These projects were realized during the Russian federal target programs and grants (Russian Scientific Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research). 4. Various production practices related to the laboratory and industrial equipment available in the Universities, which participated in the network, were provided. Also the paper contains certain features of the software and hardware implementation for the remote work with the laboratory and industrial equipment in the network. Several examples are presented of the laboratory work and project design done by the students remotely participating in the network.

In 2018, we celebrated three hundred years birth anniversary of the prominent Russian scholar A.S. Barsov (1718—1763). While scientific legacy of other Lomonosov’s contemporaries has been hugely studied in dozens of articles and books, Barsov’s name has been rarely mentioned in the indexes of the extensive literature devoted to M.V. Lomonosov. Meanwhile, a vast array of documents have been preserved and partially published, indicating that Barsov played an important role in the development of book printing in Russia and elaboration of the Russian literary language norms. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of A.S. Barsov in the process of formation of new, secular culture in the post-Petrine time. The authors attempted to highlight the life and manners of academic students and employees in the middle of the 18th century, to show in what difficult conditions there were created the book masterpieces of the Academy, preserved in hundreds of libraries around the world. The article established the main milestones of A.S. Barsov’s life path. He was born in the family of priest; studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. After five years at the Academy Gymnasium and University, he was examined by professors and appointed proofreader at the Academic printing house; later on — supervisor of the printing house and its Figure chamber; shortly before his death, he was subjected to severe administrative sanctions. The authors analyse the fate of A.S. Barsov as one of the typical representatives of the early development stage of the academic science in Russia. The article introduced into scientific circulation a number of sources that allow assessing from a new, unexpected angle the evolution of the Academy of Sciences in the 1730s — 1760s. The authors revealed the degree of influence of his activity on the development of publishing activity and librarianship in Russia. The results of this study can be used in preparation of fundamental works in the field of science studies, library science, history of publishing, historiography, as well as special courses on the history of culture.

The article analyses the contribution of Y.A. Grikhanov to the development of librarianship and library science. The main activity trends of Y.A. Grikhanov were driven by the development tasks of the library sphere since the 1970s. The author highlights the key problems of library stocks knowledge and determines contribution of Y.A. Grikhanov to their resolution. He was one of the organizers of the system of Depository storage of library collections in the libraries of Russia; he worked in the Department of Libraries of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. The main priorities of the Department activities in 1991—1999 were the creation of the All-Russian information-library computer network, the formation of “National Program for the preservation of library stocks”, the determination of priorities of the state library policy. Y.A. Grikhanov is one of the founders of the Federal Law “On Librarianship” and “The Model Library Code for the CIS Member States”. “The Library Encyclopaedia”, prepared under the guidance of Y.A. Grikhanov, reflects the holistic period of development of library science in Russia. Contribution of Y.A. Grikhanov to library stocks knowledge, library law and philosophical basis of library theory is huge. He is the leading scientist and organizer who has influenced the development of librarianship in Russia and the CIS countries.

Objective. The study focuses on the relevance of launching the ResearchUA digital platform based on the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine to form a consolidated scientific information space. Methods. The results of the research were obtained thanks to the application of a complex of general and special methods of scientific knowledge, among which systemic and synergistic approaches, structural-functional and descriptive methods, source analysis and synthesis were decisive. Results. There is an urgent need to establish a system of informing about academic resources that have been created for more than a hundred years of operation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine has launched the ResearchUA digital platform, which is focused on the development of the electronic research infrastructure of not only the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, but also on the formation of the national digital scientific space, namely the accumulation, integration, effective use of scientific electronic library and information resources and their promotion to modern global digital platforms communications. Conclusions. A promising direction for further information and communication activities of academic libraries is to intensify information support for scientific research in Ukraine by promoting the involvement of new forms of digital scientific communication; developing modern models of communication with all subjects of copyright for scientific works; simplifying access to scientific library and information resources; integrating and consolidating scientific library and information resources; introducing digital resources of the national documentary cultural heritage into scientific circulation; monitoring the state and development of scientific research in Ukraine.

The transition from an information society to a knowledge society gives libraries a chance to overcome the crisis by transforming themselves into educational institutions of a new type, providing quality information and educational services that promote cognitive and creative activities. An important place among them belongs to programs and projects for the creation and promotion of electronic learning resources intended for schoolteachers and students, i.e. for the audience, which directly determines the society we will have to live in the near future. The aim of the article is to consider the experience of major foreign libraries in preparing electronic learning (e-Learning) resources for schools from the perspective of their possible use by Russian libraries in the light of the tasks set to strengthen the role of cultural and educational organizations in the historical and cultural enlightenment and upbringing of the growing generation. The object of the article is the resources of own generation (or created in cooperation with other institutions) of national and regional libraries in the USA, Great Britain, and Australia, related to the methodological support of the educational process in schools. The study of the content of these resources made it possible to identify several main groups with different purposes: training in the skills of working with primary sources; promotion of classical literature and reading; assistance to subject teachers in their work with current social and political issues; development of regional / local history knowledge. Examples explored are electronic learning resources for schools posted in dedicated sections or on the web portals of the Library of Congress (USA, Washington), the National Library of Australia, the British Library, the Florida State Library and Archives, the State Library of Victoria (Australia, Melbourne) the National Library of Scotland, and the National Library of Wales. The study has shown that national and regional libraries of the above-mentioned countries place a high priority on the preparation of electronic learning resources for schools. Creation of such resources helps libraries to solve important tasks: to popularize their collections and electronic resources; to expand the circle of regular readers by attracting schoolchildren; to enhance the prestige of the library as an important cultural and educational institution involved in forming the worldview and raising the intellectual level of the younger generation. Due to their social significance, such projects, as a rule, have state or regional funding; grants are widely practiced. The article pays special attention to the interaction between libraries and other cultural institutions in preparing joint electronic learning resources for schools, as well as to the promotion of such resources among the teaching community, primarily through close cooperation with pedagogical organizations.

The paper constitutes a review of the analytical chemistry general state, changes in its development trends, as well as substantial rise of both its tasks volume and complexity and its potential. The place that the analytical chemistry takes among other sciences is briefly considered, and its instrumentation improvement is noted. Author focuses on the russian scientists’ advances in this sphere, particularly those whose investigation were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Examples of the new analytical methods creation, the original analytical approaches development and the important applied tasks solution in spheres of medicine, environmental protection and the food and medicines quality and safety control are given. Author attempts to forecast the analytical chemistry development prospects for the next 10–15 years.

The article is a documentary essay on the last stage of activity of the State scientific library of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education in 1957–1958 and the creation on its basis in 1958 of two largest modern scientific libraries in Russia. They are the State public scientific technological library of the Siberian branch of the Russian academy of sciences in Novosibirsk and the State public scientific technological library in Moscow. (At that time they were the State public scientific technological library of the Siberian branch of the USSR academy of sciences the State public scientific technological library of the USSR.) It is shown what stages of preparation and the decision implementation has gone through and what obstacles it has faced. The further development of the two State public scientific technological libraries has brought them to the forefront of information and library activities and has shown the correctness of the decision made in 1958.

The history of foreign and Russian libraries’ websites in 1996—2017 is analyzed on the basis of professional publications and web-archive. The author analyzed the websites of Russian libraries, i. e. RASL Library for Natural Sciences, All-Russia Library for Foreign Literature, Russian State Library, Russian National Library, State National Pedagogical Library, Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology, Central Scientific Medical Library, State Public Scientific and Technological Library of the RAS Siberian Branch and divisions, Central Scientific Agricultural Library, Russian Academy of Sciences Library, Far Eastern State Scientific Library, Nizhny Novgorod Regional Universal Scientific Library, Novosibirsk State Regional Scientific Library. The number of websites was limited due to many changed domain names which disables the analysis. The archive copies of the selected libraries’ home pages obtained through the Wayback Machine service were analyzed. The first (1996–1998) home pages of Russian and foreign libraries are compared and distinctions are identified. The dynamics of Russian libraries’ websites up to 2017 is characterized. The author concludes that the libraries have been regularly changing design, content, representation forms, and navigation and retrieval systems, which is often not welcome by their users. The libraries have to introduce and promote efficiently their content and resources with the focus on user friendliness. Internet technologies and libraries’ representing themselves on the World Wide Web have changed library practice, and the libraries have to think over how to design the website and how to assess it.

The goal of any library is to ensure high quality and general availability of information retrieval tools. The paper describes the project implemented by the Russian State Library (RSL) to present Library Bibliographic Classification as a Networked Knowledge Organization System. The project goal is to support content and provide tools for ensuring system’s interoperability with other resources of the same nature (i.e. with Linked Data Vocabularies) in the global network environment. The project was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR).The RSL General Classified Catalogue (GCC) was selected as the main data source for the Classification system of knowledge organization. The meaning of each classification number is expressed by complete string of wordings (captions), rather than the last level caption alone. Data converted to the Resource Description Framework (RDF) files based on the standard set of properties defined in the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) model was loaded into the semantic storage for subsequent data processing using the SPARQL query language. In order to enrich user queries for search of resources, the RSL has published its Classification System in the form of Linked Open Data (https://lod.rsl.ru) for searching in the RSL electronic catalogue. Currently, the work is underway to enable its smooth integration with other LOD vocabularies. The SKOS mapping tags are used to differentiate the types of connections between SKOS elements (concepts) existing in different concept schemes, for example, UDC, MeSH, authority data.The conceptual schemes of the leading classifications are fundamentally different from each other. Establishing correspondence between concepts is possible only on the basis of lexical and structural analysis to compute the concept similarity as a combination of attributes.The authors are looking forward to working with libraries in Russia and other countries to create a common space of Linked Open Data vocabularies.

The grounds for and conditions of access to judicial protection in citizens’ disputes with the state continue to be the subject of heated debates in many countries, including those who great experience in regulating disputes. In Germany, the admissibility of an administrative claim is traditionally associated with the “protective norm” (Schutznorm) and a person’s own interest in protecting his violated subjective public right directly by the action or inaction of public authority. Such a rigid approach creates obstacles for the judicial protection of supra-individual interests and collective rights. In this regard, the German doctrine of protective norms and subjective public rights is facing new challenges. There are two perceived ways to resolve the problem — either recognize the subjective legal nature of collective rights and interests, or expand the object of judicial protection to include violated general rights and interests of a certain or indefinite circle of persons. With the new Administrative Court Procedure Code coming into effect, Russia felt the need to define rights, freedoms and legal interests as an object of judicial protection in disputes between citizens and the state, as well as to define acts and actions of public authority as an object of appeal. Studying the German theory and practice of access to courts in disputes with the state can enrich the Russian legal system. In turn, the Russian experience of social support for access to justice, as well as the introduction of e-justice, can be useful in Germany. The article offers a presentation of the main ideas and results of the fifth joint Russian-German conference. It was organized by the law departments of the Free University of Berlin and St. Petersburg State University with the support of the German Research Society (DFG) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR).

<p>Electronic resources (ERs) in academic libraries have become a global phenomenon, and as libraries rely more on these resources managing them effectively becomes crucial. Electronic resource management (ERM) has consequently become a core function which many academic libraries around the globe appear to find challenging to implement effectively. Challenges of managing ERs are particularly pronounced in developing countries such as Ghana where the introduction of ICTs has typically been characterised by inadequate resources. Although there is an extensive literature on both the management and use of ERs, little research has studied how the two aspects could affect each other. Ineffective management of ERs could negatively affect their use; likewise, low usage of ERs could negatively impact on the management of these resources. Studying the concepts of management and usage of ERs together would result in better recommendations to inform practice and eliminate the challenges. In addition, the literature on the management of ERs is predominantly centred around libraries in the developed country context. Moreover, academic libraries in Ghana do not appear to be effective in managing ERs. There is a lack of understanding on how academic libraries in Ghana are managing ERs, and the ways in which this is affecting their usage and vice-versa. The study therefore fills the gaps by exploring the connection between the management and usage of ERs in academic libraries in a developing country context. Placed within a post-positivist worldview, this mixed-methods research employed a multiple case study approach, involving two public and two private universities in Ghana. Stakeholders included in the study were library staff, faculty, students, and consortium executives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with library staff and members of the governing council of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Ghana (CARLIGH) concurrently with surveys of faculty and postgraduate students of the institutions investigated. These were supported by document analysis. To guide data collection and analysis, the Techniques for Electronic Resource Management (TERMS) framework (Emery & Stone, 2013), and an initial conceptual model of factors developed using constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis 2003) and the literature underpinned the study. The interview findings revealed inadequate planning for ERs in the case institutions owing to operational challenges including inadequate policies for ERs, inadequate funding, and understaffing. Although efforts were being made to follow standard procedures some components of ER workflow were absent in both public and private case libraries, whereas other aspects of the workflow were responsibilities of parties external to the libraries. The document analysis showed that, the total average completeness of collection development policies of case libraries was 25% which indicated the lack of vital elements in these policies. The survey findings showed a generally low awareness and usage of ERs by faculty and students due to inadequate promotional efforts by the case libraries, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of relevant content. Consequently, respondents had a negative perception on the usefulness of the ERs which may have caused the observed low usage. The study also found three main factors as affecting the management and usage of ERs in academic libraries in Ghana which were governmental, organisational and individual factors. Governmental factors such as regulations on staffing, inadequate funding, and nationwide rationing of electricity supply were hindrances. At the organisational level, an enabler was collaboration with stakeholders, whereas obstacles included inadequate policies, staffing challenges, resource-related factors, lack of investment for sustainability, centralised management structure, low institutional commitment, poor communication, and low usage of ERs. Enabling individual factors consisted of religious beliefs, social influence, oral information, and interest in IT. Hindering individual factors comprised negative effects of oral information, resistance to change, fear of speaking against authority, reluctance to submit contents to institutional repository, negative perception on the ERs and lack of time. The findings also established various ways in which the management and usage of ERs affected each other. Low user input in the selection of ERs, access related challenges, inadequate publicity, training, and evaluation of ERs negatively affected the usage of ERs. However, case libraries that occasionally allowed users to schedule training sessions observed increased attendance to training with a corresponding increase in ER usage, which provided a basis for institutional budgetary support. On the other hand, failure of users to attend training programmes after signing up, low referral of students to the ERs by faculty and low usage of ERs of the library negatively affected ERM particularly in the areas of budgeting for ER subscription and sustainability. However, faculty and students facilitated the management of ERs of the library in terms of creating awareness of the ERs among their colleagues and peers, and also accessing the resources using mobile devices to supplement the library’s inadequate computers. The TERMS framework and initial conceptual model of factors were revised based on the findings. The study adds to the Library and Information Science research relevant to the understanding of the management and usage of ERs, factors affecting both concepts and how these two concepts are related. In addition, the study contributes to practice by recommending strategies for effective ERM to encourage increased usage of ERs. It is also hoped that academic libraries in other developing countries can draw lessons from the findings. The study also provides advanced countries with a deeper insight to guide them in providing support to developing countries. The findings also have implications for policy and decision makers in terms of prioritisation and allocation of resources for effective ERM and usage in academic libraries as contemporary issues are revealed. Keywords: Academic institutions, Academic libraries, Electronic resources, Electronic resources in Africa, Electronic resource management, Electronic resource usage</p>