Abstract
Manganese is a metal used extensively in everyday life, particularly in structural steel. Despite the importance of manganese as an essential alloying element in steel and stainless steel, the environmental profile of manganese alloys lacked globally representative, primary industry data. The International Manganese Institute (IMnI) and Hatch completed the first global life cycle assessment (LCA) of manganese alloy production, providing environmental benchmarks and a firm foundation of accurate data with which to inform other industry-led initiatives. The study compiled primary data from 16 ore and alloy producers worldwide, covering 18 % of global ore production and 8 % of global alloy production for 2010. This peer-reviewed, ISO 14040 compliant LCA covers the cradle-to-gate life cycles of silicomanganese, ferromanganese, and refined ferromanganese. The study provides a comprehensive picture of global environmental performance, quantifying energy consumption, global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), primary water use, and primary waste generation. A novel model architecture was devised to generate process, site, and cradle-to-gate LCAs for single and multiple sites simultaneously, extracting greater value from the LCA process by facilitating environmental and operational benchmarking within the industry. The results of the study show that total GWP, AP, and POCP for 1 kg of average manganese alloy was 6.0 kg CO2e, 45 g SO2e, and 3 g C2H4e, respectively. Electricity demand and coal and coke consumption during smelting are the dominant operating parameters contributing to environmental performance. On-site air emission measures (GWP, POCP, NOX, and particulate matter (PM)) contributed 25 to 35 % of total life cycle emissions. Overburden and waste rock were the most significant primary solid waste flows by mass. The study provides a resource for improvement at the global industry and site scales by establishing benchmarks, identifying hotspots, and quantifying the benefits of efficiency savings through process optimization. This LCA provides accurate primary data to improve steel and stainless steel product LCAs and communicate the environmental performance of the industry in quantitative terms. It facilitates dialogue between manganese producers and consumers through a shared understanding of the environmental profile of the industry. Through leveraging the study to identify hotspots within the manganese supply chain, producers can work both independently and collectively towards improving the environmental and economic performance of manganese alloys.
Highlights
Manganese plays a critical supporting role in a variety of applications: as an essential nutrient for processing fats, carbohydrates, and protein; as a component of batteries, chemicals, and fertilizers; and as an alloying element in steel, aluminum, and copper production (IMnI 2015)
This paper summarizes the goal, scope, methods, and results of the global manganese alloy life cycle assessment (LCA)
Greenhouse gas emissions, combustion-derived air emissions, and energy consumption are driven by upstream power generation and primary consumption of coal and coke associated with the electricity and carbon requirements of the furnace smelting process
Summary
Manganese plays a critical supporting role in a variety of applications: as an essential nutrient for processing fats, carbohydrates, and protein; as a component of batteries, chemicals, and fertilizers; and as an alloying element in steel, aluminum, and copper production (IMnI 2015). The manganese industry is global, with the majority of mining and smelting distributed between Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe. In 2010, global manganese ore and alloy production was estimated at 44.1 and 15.8 million metric tons, respectively (USGS 2012). Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies available in life cycle inventory (LCI) datasets (Ecoinvent 2007; GaBi 2010) focus on the production of ferromanganese alloys by specific regions and producers. Despite the size of the industry and the critical role of manganese in downstream steel products, broader, global manganese alloy production has not been studied extensively using LCA
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