CPS compliant adaptive immune based load frequency control with varying wind penetrations

Abstract

As total inertia of a power system decreases with an increase in wind penetration, it cannot fully recover the frequency following a load perturbation. Control performance standards (CPS) deteriorate due to an increased variability in Area Control Error (ACE). Throughout a day, the operating conditions in a power system changes. As, the fixed gain controllers are only designed for nominal operating conditions, they cannot perform effectively over a long period of time. An adaptive immune based controller is designed in this paper for a two-area power system model which can comply with North American Reliability Council (NERC) CPS criteria and highly reduce the mechanical oscillations in the system. The immune response is compared with the high gain response, low gain response and the optimal gain response calculated through Genetic Algorithm (GA) to prove its effectiveness in a system.