COVID-19 letter to the editor: Epicardial fat inflammation as possible enhancer in COVID-19?

Abstract

We have read with interest the report by Kajetan Grodecki et al. in which epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume and radiological attenuation associated with the quantitative burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increasing EAT volume or attenuation independently predict clinical deterioration or death [[1]Grodecki K. Lin A. Razipour A. Cadet S. McElhinney P.A. Chan C. et al.Epicardial adipose tissue is associated with extent of pneumonia and adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19.Metabolism. 2021; 115: 154436Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar]. This article may provide a method for risk stratification of COVID-19 patients, which has great clinical significance. We currently know that inflammation plays a major role in the development and progression of COVID-19. EAT, the metabolically active visceral fat, is considered as a novel marker of inflammation. The imbalance between anti- and pro-inflammatory adipokine secretion from EAT take part in the cytokine storm in critically ill COVID-19 patients [[2]Malavazos A.E. Goldberger J.J. Iacobellis G. Does epicardial fat contribute to COVID-19 myocardial inflammation?.Eur Heart J. 2020; 41: 2333Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar]. However, caution is still needed in accepting the independent prognostic role of EAT volume or attenuation. C-reactive protein (CRP), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-CRP ratio (LCR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were all inflammatory markers, which are easily accessible through daily-performed laboratory tests. Abrishami et al. identified serum LDH as a single biomarker to independently predict COVID-19-related death [[3]Abrishami A. Eslami V. Baharvand Z. Khalili N. Saghamanesh S. Zarei E. et al.Epicardial adipose tissue, inflammatory biomarkers and COVID-19: is there a possible relationship?.Int Immunopharmacol. 2021; 90: 107174Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar], while Cheng et al. showed NLR to be an effective predictor of disease progression in COVID-19 [[4]Cheng B. Hu J. Zuo X. Chen J. Li X. Chen Y. et al.Predictors of progression from moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 26: 1400-1405Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar]. In addition, exclusion criteria should be set more clearly. EAT is a direct target of medications modulating adipose tissue, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and lipid lowering agents. The volume of EAT may be also affected by a long history of anti-inflammatory treatment. Whether patients with this history should be excluded from the trial need reconsidered. Although clinically very relevant, it remains difficult to elucidate the mechanisms between EAT and COVID-19 regarding adverse outcomes. Many COVID-19 patients end with cardiovascular events. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is recognized as the entry ligand receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Based on experimental evidence, ACE2 and inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, were demonstrated to be expressed at higher levels in EAT in heart explants removed from obese patients [[5]Kim I. Han S. Epicardial adipose tissue: fuel for COVID-19-induced cardiac injury?.Eur Heart J. 2020; 41: 2334-2335Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar]. In addition, Bois et al. reported lower ACE2 endothelial expression in COVID-19 cases versus influenza A/B or non-virally mediated deaths [[6]Bois M.C. Boire N.A. Layman A.J. Aubry M. Alexander M.P. Roden A.C. et al.COVID-19–associated nonocclusive fibrin microthrombi in the heart.Circulation. 2021; 143: 230-243Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar]. This reduction in ACE2 was associated with EAT inflammation, partly due to the virus taking advantage of more ACE2-binding sites for internalization of the virus into adipocytes and then triggering an augmented inflammatory signaling cascade. Bois et al. also showed that a high proportion of COVID-19 deaths were accompanied with cardiac amyloidosis [[6]Bois M.C. Boire N.A. Layman A.J. Aubry M. Alexander M.P. Roden A.C. et al.COVID-19–associated nonocclusive fibrin microthrombi in the heart.Circulation. 2021; 143: 230-243Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar], which may be an additional risk factor for severe clinical condition. It is of great significance to find out a specific biomarker to predict adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. EAT play a role in COVID-19 patients and probably become a clinically measurable and modifiable therapeutic target, but more studies are needed to explore this intriguing relationship. The authors declare no conflict of interest.