COVID-19 Demonstrates That Inflammation Is a Hyperviscous State.

Abstract

Many of the complications of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are caused by blood hyperviscosity driven by marked hyperfibrinogenemia. This results in a distinctive hyperviscosity syndrome which affects areas of high and low shear. A change in blood viscosity causes a threefold inverse change in blood flow, whichincreases the risk of thrombosis in both arteries and veins despite prophylactic anticoagulation. Increased blood viscosity decreases perfusion of all tissues, including the lungs, heart, and brain.Decreased perfusion of the lungs causes global ventilation-perfusion mismatch which results in silent hypoxemia and decreased efficacy of positive pressure ventilation in treating pulmonary failure in COVID-19. Increased blood viscosity causes a mismatch inoxygen supply and demand in the heart, resulting in myocarditis and ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Decreased perfusion of the brain causes demyelination because of a sublethal cell injury to oligodendrocytes. Hyperviscosity can cause stasis in capillaries, which can cause endothelial necrosis. This can lead to the rarefaction of capillary beds, which is noted in "long-COVID." The genome of the virus which causes COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, contains anextraordinarily high number of the oligonucleotide virulence factor5'-purine-uridine-uridine-purine-uridine-3', which binds to toll-like receptor 8, hyperactivating innate immunity. This can leadto a marked elevation in fibrinogen levels and an increasedprevalence of neutrophil extracellular traps in pulmonary failure, as seen in COVID-19 patients.