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Abstract
Coronaviruses are large group of enveloped viruses with unsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA as genetic material. These are collection related RNA viruses that cause diseases of economically important vertebrate viz. mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from asymptomatic to life threatening. The asymptomatic disease include very similar to some cases of the common cold, while other deadly varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) are zoonotic origin and extremely pathogenic coronaviruses that can cause localized and worldwide outbreak. The novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19 posses a unique morphology. The outer surface of the virus bearing surface spike and reveled like crown hence being named corona virus. The mode of replication of the virus is very unique as it replicate through the generation of nested set of viral mRNA. The HCoV (Human coronavirus) cause respiratory complication with asymptomatic to life threatening outcomes. From the past 15 years we have witnessed appearance of two zoonotic, extremely pathogenic human corona viruses the: SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Highlights
Corona viruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds
The novel isolated virus was identified as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 (Huang et al, 2020)
A Similar occurrence has been reported with the SARS-CoV in the year 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) in the year 2012 respectively. 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the past two decades a materialization that has put global public health on high alert (Shrikushra et al, 2020)
Summary
Corona viruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 cause the mild illness including common cold, and a self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection These infections can direct to a number of other co-related illnesses such as bronchitis, gastroenteritis, progressive demyelinating encephalitis, diarrhea, peritonitis, nasal obstruction, rhinorhea, sneezing, sore throat and cough. They can cause more severe lower respiratory tract infection, including pneumonia in infants, elderly and immunecompromised individuals. The binding of viral spikes with host cell receptor is mediated by alanine aminopeptidase (APN) receptor present in the epithelial cells of pig digestive tract (Fehr and Perlman, 2015; Forni et al, 2017) They are transmitted by aerosols of respiratory secretions, by the fecal-oral route, and by mechanical transmission. A massive research and study under progress to develop vaccine against corona virus is still challenge due to its pleomorphism which varied according to different geographical location(Fehr and Perlman, 2015; Huynh et al, 2012)
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