Coupled Models in Complex Systems Related to Smart Electromagnetic Energy Procedures

Abstract

This contribution aims to evaluate and analyze the significance of coupling models in the operation of intelligent electromagnetic (EM) energy procedures for complex systems (CSs). It encompasses strategies for coupling CSs models, reviews of coupled and reduced models, intelligent supervision and management of CSs models in EM energy procedures, and their applications.The article begins by introducing the supervision and management of EM CSs. It delves into the governing equations of the EM phenomenon, providing a detailed explanation. The coupling of the EM phenomenon with other physical phenomena in external components is then analyzed and reviewed. These components are interconnected and together form a CS in the EM energy procedure. The coupling of equations governing the external phenomena with those governing the EM phenomenon is elaborated upon. Subsequently, the article presents intelligent supervision of EM energy procedures for both simple systems and CSs. For CSs, the concept of a digital twin and the concept of pairing in automated procedures are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. Following this, the management of CSs models in energy procedures is examined. This includes the adaptation of complete coupled models to optimize control speed in the procedure, which is analyzed and considered through the concept of model reduction. Finally, the article focuses on applications of CSs in EM energy procedures, particularly in the context of electric and intelligent vehicles and their management.