Abstract
There is significant emission reduction potential in the Dutch vegetable oil and fat industry, which consists of seven companies each producing more than 10 kt CO2 per year, emitting a total of 0.36 Mt CO2 in 2018. Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) curves are constructed to provide an overview of the most cost-effective decarbonisation options. Both energy efficiency technologies and alternative heating systems are combined in order to achieve technological configurations for full decarbonisation of this industry. Energy consumption for vegetable oil processing can be reduced by 44% for rapeseed oil, 45% soybean oil, and 57% for palm oil. Vertical Ice Condensing is the most cost-effective decarbonisation option, while biogas boilers are the most cost-effective alternative heating systems that can supply energy in all stages of production. However, the availability of processing residues limits the energy substitution possible with biogas boilers. Electric boilers are therefore required to deliver the residual energy necessary to realise zero carbon emissions. Together the cost-effective decarbonisation options can abate between 38% and 40% of the total CO2 emissions by 2020 and 2030 respectively.
Highlights
In the Dutch Climate Agreement (‘Klimaatakkoord’), presented in June 2019, targets for national CO2-emission reduction were set to 49% in 2030 and 95% in 2050, relative to emissions in 1990 (Dutch Climate Agreement, 2019)
Sustainable alternative heating systems that reduce the CO2 emissions were taken from literature research and added as decarbonisation options when they are applicable to this industry
For all the decarbonisation options the initial investment costs, known as capital expenditure (CAPEX), and the yearly costs indicated as operational expenditures (OPEX) are determined per tonne of oil produced for the end-use technologies or per kilowatt for the alternative heating systems
Summary
In the Dutch Climate Agreement (‘Klimaatakkoord’), presented in June 2019, targets for national CO2-emission reduction were set to 49% in 2030 and 95% in 2050, relative to emissions in 1990 (Dutch Climate Agreement, 2019). Meerjaren Afspraak (long-term agreement) Membrane Solvent Extraction Mechanical Vapour Recompression Operational Expenditures Technology Readiness Level Vertical Ice Condensing specific heat, J $ kgÀ1 $ KÀ1 temperature, K tonne energy, J energy phase transition, J $ kgÀ1 annual benefits, V annual operation and maintenance costs, V discount rate life time or depreciation period of equipment capital recovery factor mass, kg soon after because of underestimated fouling problems and the lack of proper cleaning methods (Hamm, 2013) Another way to reduce CO2 emissions in the vegetable-oil and -fat industry is to replace the currently used steam boilers and combined heat and power (CHP) plants by sustainable alternative heating systems like heat pumps, electric boilers, and hydrogen boilers.
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