Abstract
In this talk we review the basic features of the electroweak monopole, and estimate the remnant electroweak monopole density of the standard model in the present universe. We show that, although the electroweak phase transition is of the first order, the monopole production comes from the thermal fluctuations of the Higgs field after the phase transition, not the vacuum bubble collisions during the phase transition. Moreover, most of the monopoles produced initially are annihilated as soon as created, and this annihilation continues very long time, longer than the muon pair annihilation time. As the result the remnant monopole density at present universe becomes very small, of 10-11 of the critical density, too small to be the dark matter. We discuss the physical implications of our results on the ongoing monopole detection experiments.
Highlights
Ever since Dirac has proposed the Dirac monopole generalizing the Maxwell’s theory, the monopole has become an obsession in physics [1]
Only the electroweak monopole become realistic enough to be discovered. This has made the experimental confirmation of the electroweak monopole one of the most urgent issues in the standard model after the discovery of the Higgs particle, and the newest MoEDAL (“the magnificent seventh”) detector at LHC is actively searching for the monopole [7, 8]
The 13 TeV LHC may have no chance to produce the monopole if the monopole mass becomes larger than 6.5 TeV. In this case we must try to detect the remnant monopole at present universe produced in the early universe. so it is fortunate that IceCube, Antares, Auger, and similar experiments are searching for them [9,10,11]
Summary
Ever since Dirac has proposed the Dirac monopole generalizing the Maxwell’s theory, the monopole has become an obsession in physics [1]. There have been claims that the electroweak monopoles could overclose the universe [18], but we need a more accurate discussion on this issue The purpose of this talk is to discuss the cosmological production and successive evolution of the electroweak monopole to predict the remnant monopole density of the standard model at present universe, and discuss the cosmological implications of the electroweak monopole. Before we estimate the electroweak monopole density at present universe, we emphasize the basic facts on the electroweak monopole It is the electroweak generalization of the Dirac monopole. This “non-existence theorem”, is a false assertion based on wrong topology To clarify these confusions and misunderstandings, we briefly review the electroweak monopole in the standard model first
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