Cortical neurons projecting to the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus with particular reference to the posterior association area. An HRP study in the monkey.

Cortico-cortical connections occurring within the temporal lobe and afferent projections to the temporal cortex particularly from the prefrontal and parahippocampal areas were studied in the monkey by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ-agglutinin-conjugated HRP (WGA-HRP). In particular, 0.1-0.3 microliter of 50% HRP or 5% WGA-HRP was injected into various parts of the temporal cortex, i.e. the rostral (TEr), the caudal (TEc), and the most caudal (TEO) parts of the inferotemporal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, and the temporal pole (TG), and in the upper bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus in the frontal lobe. Labeled cells, which represent cells of origin of association fibers projecting to the injection site, appeared in various cortical regions. The main findings of the present study are the following. The temporal pole (TG) receives fibers almost exclusively from the most rostral part of the TE. The rostral part of the TE receives many fibers from both the caudal part of the TE and the TEO. The caudal part of the TE receives fibers from the TEO, and the TEO from the prestriate cortex (OA and OB). Taking these findings together, the morphological basis of the "step-wise" progression of visual impulses from the prestriate cortex to the TEO, TE and finally to the TG is clearly presented. The superior temporal gyrus (TA or area 22) receives most fibers from the dorsolateral frontal gyrus, while the inferotemporal cortex (TE or areas 21 and 20) receives most fibers from the ventrolateral frontal gyrus (inferior frontal convexity). Both the temporal pole (TG) and the inferotemporal cortex (TE) receives a fair number of fibers from the parahippocampal region (TH and TF).

STANDARDIZED ULTRASOUND METHOD FOR ASSESSING DETRUSOR MUSCLE THICKNESS IN CHILDREN

BackgroundThe plaques at the dorsal or lateral wall of basilar artery (BA) are associated with pontine infarcts. We sought to explore the correlations between vertebrobasilar artery geometry and BA plaque locations.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the imaging and clinical data of 84 patients with BA atherosclerosis. On three-dimensional time-of-flight images, a side to side diameter difference of bilateral vertebral artery (VA) and BA bending were assessed. The vertebrobasilar artery geometry was qualitatively classified into four basic configurations: Walking, Tuning Fork, Dominant-Lambda, and Hypoplasia-Lambda. On high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, the plaques were categorized based on the involvement of the ventral, dorsal, or lateral sides of BA wall. The relationships between vertebrobasilar artery geometry parameters and plaque locations were analyzed.ResultsLeft VA dominance was identified in 28(33%) patients, and right VA dominance in 22(26%) patients. BA bending were detected in 49 patients. There were no significant correlations between the diameter difference/ratio of VA diameters and plaque locations, or between BA bending and plaque locations. BA plaques were evenly distributed in the vertebrobasilar arteries with Tuning Fork and Dominant-Lambda configurations. In Hypoplasia-Lambda group, however, plaques were more frequently located at the dorsal wall (58.57%) than at the ventral (14.43%) and lateral wall (26.71%; P = 0.001). In Walking group, the plaques more likely occurred at the lateral (49.79%) and dorsal (35.07%) wall than at the ventral wall (14.86%, P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe geometric configurations of vertebrobasilar artery strongly influence the BA plaque locations. Further prospective studies are warranted to testify whether Hypoplasia-Lambda and Walking configurations are independent risk factors for pontine infarcts.

BackgroundThe underlying pathophysiology of BA distribution is unclear and intriguing. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI), we sought to explore the plaque distribution of low-grade basilar artery (BA) atherosclerosis and its clinical relevance.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the imaging and clinical data of 61 patients with low-grade atherosclerotic BA stenosis (<50%). On HR-MRI, the plaques were categorized based on the involvement of the ventral, dorsal, or lateral sides of BA wall. A culprit plaque was defined if it was on the same slice or neighboring slices of symptomatic pontine infarcts and played a probable causal role (dorsal plaques with median pontine infarcts or lateral plaques with ipsilateral pontine infarcts). The relationships between plaque distribution and clinical presentations were analyzed.ResultsTwenty-five symptomatic and thirty-six asymptomatic BAs with 752 HR-MRI image slices were studied. The average length of BA atherosclerosis plaques was 12.16 ± 5.61mm (10.30 ± 6.44mm in symptomatic and 13.46 ± 7.03mm in asymptomatic patients, p = 0.079). The plaque distribution was similar at ventral (29.0%), dorsal (37.6%) and lateral walls (33.1%). The BA plaques in symptomatic patients were more frequently located at the dorsal (42.5%) and lateral (41.2%) walls than at the ventral walls (16.1%; P < 0.05). Compared with symptomatic patients, asymptomatic patients more likely had their plaques distributed at the ventral walls (P = 0.022). Culprit plaques were observed in 85.0% (17/20) pontine infarcts in symptomatic patients and only 14.3% (2/14) silent pontine infarcts in asymptomatic patients (p < 0.001).ConclusionsLow-grade BA atherosclerosis has a long distribution and evenly involves ventral, dorsal and lateral walls. The plaques at dorsal and lateral walls are associated with symptomatic pontine infarcts but not with silent infarcts.

The parietal association cortex comprises the superior and inferior parietal lobules, the precuneus and the cortices in the intraparietal, parietooccipital and lunate sulci. By processing somatic, visual, acoustic and vestibular sensory information, the parietal association cortex plays a pivotal role in spatial cognition and motor control of the eyes and the extremities. Sensory information from the primary and secondary somatosensory areas enters the superior parietal lobule and is transferred to the inferior parietal lobule. Visual information is processed through the dorsal visual pathway and it reaches the inferior parietal lobule, the intraparietal sulcus and the precuneus. Acoustic information is transferred posteriorly from the primary acoustic area, and it reaches the posterior region of the inferior parietal lobule. The areas in the intraparietal sulcus project to the premotor area, the frontal eye fields, and the prefrontal area. These areas are involved in the control of ocular movements, reaching and grasping of the upper extremities, and spatial working memory. The posterior region of the inferior parietal lobule and the precuneus both project either directly, or indirectly via the posterior cingulate gyrus, to the parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices. Both these areas are strongly associated with hippocampal functions for long-term memory formation.

An isolated fluid-filled vesicle in the proboscis of Corynosoma hamanni is redescribed as the anterior end of the dorsal wall of the inner muscle layer of the proboscis receptacle. Various authors (Yamaguti, 1935; Montreuil, 1958; Nickol and Holloway, 1968) have described saccular vesicles in the proboscis of several species of Acanthocephala. Yamaguti (1935) described, in Longicollum pagrosomi, a large oval-to-elliptical mass of unknown nature that is enclosed in a thin capsule and attached to the inner surface of the proboscis i l l id-fil ed vesicle in the proa a i is redescribed as the sal all of the inner uscle layer tacle. ( a ti, 1935; ontreuil, apex. It appears from this description that he was observing the 2 apical nuclei (sense organ) found in many, if not all, species of Palaeacanthocephala. In the proboscis of Polymorphus capellae he described 2 elongated saccular vesicles of different sizes arising from the inner surface of the posterior end of the proboscis that are usually directed anterior and push aside the invertor muscles of the proboscis as they extend anterior. These proboscis vesicles, as he called them, are enclosed by a very thin membrane and contain a finely granulated or homogeneous substance of unknown nature. ex. It a pears from thi description that he was serving the 2 apical nucl i (sense orga ) found any, if not all, species of Palaeacanthocepha. In the pr bo cis of Polymorphus cap llae he scribed 2 elongated saccular vesicles of differThis content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 06:14:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 586 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 76, NO. 4, AUGUST 1990 Unfortunately, Yamaguti (1935) did not illustrate these vesicles and his descriptions do not contain sufficient detail to permit evaluation. Montreuil (1958) described, in Corynosoma magdaleni, a large mass of tissue situated dorsally on the inner surface of the proboscis and proboscis receptacle. The tissue has a homogeneous, slightly granular appearance, the portion within the proboscis being distinctly separated from other tissues. In the proboscis receptacle, it is in close contact with the inner surface of the inner wall. He described this mass of tissue as flattened dorsoventrally, evenly rounded anteriorly, and extending anterior to the largest hooks, giving it a shieldlike appearance when viewed from a dorsal aspect. He described, at the level of the neck, a ganglion cell on the mid-line of the dorsal surface of this tissue. Harada (1931) described the anterior end of the dorsal and ventral walls of the proboscis receptacle of Bolbosoma turbinella as Markbeutels or cytoplasmic-filled sacs. The dorsal wall extends more anterior into the proboscis than into the ventral wall, which terminates at the junction of the neck and the base of the probos-

Monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the neurohypophysis of the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of stent-assisted coil embolization of unruptured wide-necked paraclinoid aneurysms based on the projection distribution. Between November 2015 and September 2020, 267 unruptured paraclinod aneurysms in 236 patients were identified with a wide neck or unfavorable dome-to-neck ratio and treated with stent-assisted coiling technique. The classification of this segment aneurysms was simplified to the dorsal group (located on the anterior wall) and ventral group (Non-dorsal). Following propensity score matching analysis, the clinical and radiographic data were compared between the two groups. Among 267 aneurysms, 186 were located on the ventral wall and 81 were on the dorsal wall. Dorsal wall aneurysms had a larger size (p < .001), wider neck (p = .001), and higher dome-to-neck ratio (p = .023) compared with ventral wall aneurysms. Propensity score-matched analysis found that dorsal group had a significantly higher likelihood of unfavorable results in immediate (residual sac, 39.4% vs. 18.2%, p = .007) and follow-up angiography (residual sac, 14.8% vs. 1.9%, p = .037) compared with ventral group, with significant difference in recurrence rates (9.3% vs. 0%, p = .028). The rates of procedure-related complications were not significantly different, but one thromboembolic event occurred in the dorsal group with clinical deterioration. Traditional stent-assisted coiling can be given preference in paraclinoid aneurysms located on the ventral wall. The relatively high rate of recurrence in dorsal wall aneurysms with stent assistance may require other treatment options.

Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques distribution in symptomatic patients: A 3.0 T high-resolution MRI study

Objectives:To investigate the distribution and features of middle cerebral artery (MCA) atherosclerotic plaques in patients with acute ischaemic strokes using high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.Methods:Forty-six plaques from 44 MCAs (18 right and 26 left) in patients with acute symptomatic ischaemic strokes were studied. High-resolution MR imaging including tb1 weighted imaging (T1WI), tb2 weighted imaging (T2WI), PD weighted imaging (PDWI) and three-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE) sequences were used to visualise the plaques. The locations of plaques were classified into ventral, distal, superior and inferior wall of the MCA on oblique sagittal images. The thickness, area and signal intensities of plaques were recorded. The stenosis degree of MCA was calculated.Results:Among all 46 plaques, 26 plaques were located at the ventral wall (56.5%), 6 at the dorsal wall (13.0%), 9 at the superior wall (19.6%), and five at the inferior wall (10.9%). The average thickness and area of plaques were 1.37 ± 0.53 mm (range: 0.61–3.20 mm) and 3.80 ± 2.13 mm2 (range: 1.01–12.2 mm2), respectively. No significant differences in plaque thickness (P = 0.464), plaque area (P = 0.107) or stenosis degree (P = 0.563) were noted between different locations. Most of the plaques (44/46) showed iso-intensity on tbl1WI. On tbl2WI and PDWI, 24 plaques showed iso-intensity, 12 plaques showed a slightly high signal intensity (SI), and eight plaques showed a slightly low SI. Intraplaque haemorrhage was found in two plaques, with high SI on tbl1WI and MP-RAGE and high or mixed SI on tbl2WI and PDWI.Discussion:Middle cerebral artery plaques in patients with acute infarction have certain tendency to locate at ventral and superior walls. Distribution and features of plaques revealed some plaque formation characteristics and would help to understand underlying mechanisms of ischaemic events.

Objective Aδ and C fiber nociceptors can be excited when people received contact heat stimulation(CHS) and this excitation may be reflected by functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI). The aim of this study was to observe the different fMRI characteristics in CHS with distinct temperatures in healthy people and to explore the pain related functional network. Depending on the fMRI results, we can evaluate the values of CHS-fMRI during the research of brain functional connectivity. Methods Twenty-two healthy volunteers were recruited to this study. During the acquisition of fMRI, the right dorsal forearm received two different CHS in 41 and 51 degree respectively( 41 ℃CHS-fMRI group and 51 ℃CHS-fMRI group), and two series of fMRI data were obtained for each subject. The brain activation was obtained by using one sample t test for the 41 ℃CHS-fMRI group and 51 ℃CHS-fMRI group separately. The difference between 41 ℃CHS-fMRI group and 51 ℃CHS-fMRI group was analyzed by paired-sample t-test. Result These activated brain areas in 41 ℃CHS-fMRI group included bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG),contralateral transverse temporal gyrus, contralateral amygdala, bilateral insula, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus(IFG), contralateral hippocampus, bilateral putamen, contralateral supramarginal, ipsilateral postcentral, ipsilateral inferior parietal lobule, ipsilateral middle temporal gyrus(MTG), bilateral cerebelum, bilateral middle cingulate cortex and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex.These activated brain areas in 51 ℃CHS-fMRI group included bilateral STG, bilateral amygdala, contralateral hippocampus, bilateral thalamus, contralateral putamen, bilateral insula, bilateral IFG, bilateral cerebellum, contralateral postcentral, contralateral superior parietal lobule, bilateral MTG, bilateral precuneus, and contralateral cuneus.Compared with 41 ℃CHS-fMRI group, the 51 ℃CHS-fMRI group showed higher brain activation in bilateral cerebellum(right:4.455, left: 3.891), ipsilateral precuneus(4.150), contralateral insula(3.530), contralateral IFG(3.530), and contralateral postcentral (3.530; t=2.83，P<0.01). Conclusions There are common brain activated areas and specific areas for each group, which suggested that existence of two central pathways activated by Aδ and C fiber which have different effects in perception of pain and have their brain network responsively. It may become one of the ideal pain stimulation methods with CHS-fMRI, which warrant worth further research. Key words: Hyperalgesia; Heat; Magnetic resonance imaging; Brain; Nerve fibers, unmyelinated; Nerve fibers, myelinated

2266: A comparative study of endoluminal catheter-based ultrasonography and urography on diagnosis of renal pelvis neoplasm

The purpose of this study was to analyze the projections from visually related areas of the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkey to subcortical nuclei involved in eye-movement control; i.e., the pretectal nuclear complex, the terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system (AOS), and the superior colliculus (SC). The anterograde tracer 3H-leucine was pressure injected bilaterally into the cortex of six monkeys (for a total of 12 cases) involving the primary visual cortex (area 17); the medial prestriate cortex (medial 18/19); dorsomedial area 19; the caudal portion of the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus, upper bank (cytoarchitectural area OAa) and lower bank (area PGa); the lower bank of the caudal lateral intraparietal sulcus (area POa); and the inferior parietal lobule (area 7). The results revealed that the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract received inputs from medial prestriate cortex, dorsomedial part of area 19, OAa, and PGa. The posterior pretectal nucleus received sparse projections from area 7 and the cortex lining the intraparietal sulcus (dorsomedial part of area 19 and POa). The pretectal olivary nucleus was targeted by neurons in cortex of dorsomedial area 19, and the anterior pretectal nucleus was targeted by neurons in both dorsomedial 19 and area 7. The nuclei of the AOS (dorsal terminal; lateral terminal; and interstitial nuclei of the superior fasciculus, posterior and medial fibers) received projections exclusively from areas OAa and PGa. Furthermore, in one case with PGa injection, the medial terminal nucleus, dorsal portion, was also labeled. The visual cortical areas studied projected differentially upon the SC laminae. The primary visual area 17 projected only to the superficial laminae, i.e., stratum zonale (SZ), stratum griseum superficiale (SGS), and stratum opticum (SO). On the other hand, the medial portion of the prestriate cortex and caudal OAa and PGa targeted the superficial and intermediate laminae, i.e., SZ, SGS, SO, and stratum griseum intermediale (SGI), whereas caudal area POa projected primarily to the intermediate layer SGI. Rostral area 7 (mainly 7b) neurons terminated in the stratum album intermediale (SAI); no SC terminals were found in a case in which caudal area 7 (mainly 7a) was injected.

Effects of oxidation and reduction on the spectral properties of the egg capsules of Raja erinacea Mitchill

Objective To observe distribution and morphological characteristics of symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI), and to investigate HR-MRI characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the MCA in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods A total of 57 symptomatic patients with MCA atherosclerotic plaques recruited in the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University from January 2014 to January 2016 were imaged with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), three dimensional time of flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D TOF-MRA) and HR-MRI scanning for plaque on a 3.0 T MRI scanner. According to the results of DWI examination, the 57 patients were divided into transient ischemic attack (TIA) group (27 cases) and acute cerebral infarction group (30 cases). The distribution of the narrowest lumen plaque was evaluated by cross-section division into four equal arcs (superior, inferior, ventral, dorsal arcs). For quantitative analysis, lumen area (LAMLN), vessel area (VAMLN) at maximal lumen narrow (MLN) and LAreference, VAreference were measured, then wall area (WA), plaque area (PA), percentage of plaque burden, rate of lumen stenosis and remodeling index (RI) were calculated. The data of each group were compared and analyzed. Results The location and morphological analysis of the 57 patients with symptomatic MCA atherosclerotic plaques revealed that plaques were located in the ventral wall in 19 cases (33.3%), the upper wall in 15 cases (26.3%), the dorsal wall in 10 cases (17.5%), and the lower wall in 13 cases (22.8%). For the location variations in ventral wall, upper wall, dorsal wall and lower wall, the TIA group was shown as six cases (22.2%), five cases (18.5%), seven cases (25.9%) and nine cases (33.3%), and the acute cerebral infarction group was shown as 13 cases (43.3%), 10 cases (33.3%), three cases (10.0%) and four cases (13.3%), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of each side wall between the two groups (P>0.05). VAreference, LAreference, VAMLN and RI of the TIA group and the acute cerebral infarction group were (19.89±1.34) mm2, (15.19±2.04) mm2, (20.78±1.78) mm2, 1.09±0.11 and (19.70±1.34) mm2, (14.60±2.33) mm2, (21.53±2.34) mm2, 1.10±0.11, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The remodeling patterns of both groups were mainly positive remodeling, with a total of 44 cases (77.2%). In the TIA group and the acute cerebral infarction group, the WAMLN, PA, stenosis rate and plaque load percentages were (8.85±1.92) mm2, (4.00±3.00) mm2, 20.92%±9.18%, 19.05%±14.93% and (11.10±1.88) mm2, (6.00±2.25) mm2, 28.56%±8.67%, 27.30%±7.69%, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=-4.466, t=-2.865, t=-3.231, t=-2.580, P<0.01). There were eight patients (29.6%) with unsmooth plaque surface in the TIA group and 19 patients (63.3%) in the acute cerebral infarction group. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (χ2=6.475, P<0.05). LAMLN in the TIA group and the acute cerebral infarction group was (11.93±1.59) mm2 and (10.43±2.08) mm2 respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=3.033, P<0.01). Conclusions Symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in MCA in the acute cerebral infarction group have higher plaque load, thicker vascular wall at the maximum stenosis and more unsmooth plaque surface. This indicates the characteristics of high-risk plaques to a certain extent. Key words: Magnetic resonance imaging; Plaque; Middle cerebral artery; Atherosclerosis