Cortex and White Matter of the Cerebral Hemispheres: Anatomical Correlations and Age-Related Changes Measured with Fractal Analysis

Abstract

Aim. The aim of the present study was to determine the fractal dimension (FD) values of the cortex and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres using fractal analysis of two-dimensional magnetic resonance images, explore the anatomical correlations of the cortex and white matter FD, and study age-associated changes in the cortex and white matter. Methods. Two-dimensional brain magnetic resonance images of 100 apparently healthy individuals of both genders (44 males and 56 females) aged 18-86 years were studied. Five sections of each participant’s brain were selected (4 coronal and 1 axial). After image segmentation, the FD values and sectional areas of the cortex and white matter were determined. Fractal analysis was conducted using a two-dimensional variant of the box-counting method. Results. The FD values of the cortex and white matter varied across the five brain sections analyzed. Specifically, the cortex exhibited a decrease in the FD, whereas the white matter showed an increase in the FD in the coronal sections along the rostro-caudal direction. The FD values obtained from different sections displayed weak to moderate correlations. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the FD values of the cortex and white matter between males and females. However, the sectional area values of the cortex and white matter were slightly higher in males as compared to females. Furthermore, a negative correlation was identified between the FD values of the cortex and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, while sectional areas did not exhibit significant correlations. The cortex FD positively correlated with the gyrification index, whereas the white matter FD showed a negative correlation with this parameter. Additionally, both the FD and sectional area values of the cortex displayed strong and moderate negative correlations with age, respectively. In contrast, the FD and sectional area values of the white matter demonstrated weak negative correlations with age. Males showed stronger correlations of the studied parameters with age across the majority of the analyzed sections compared to females, although these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions. In this study, a negative correlation was found between the cortex and white matter FD values, influenced by anatomical factors such as the degree of gyrification. While the cortex FD values significantly decreased with age, age-related changes in the white matter FD values were relatively weak.