Abstract
Background:Trace elements, such as zinc, arsenic, cadmium and nickel are found naturally in the environment, and human exposure comes from a variety of sources, including air, drinking water, and food. Yet, there are a few studies of the association between trace element levels and prostate cancer in the country.Objective:This study aimed to investigate the changes in trace elements in prostate cancer patients with different levels of their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values.Methods:The study included 58 patients with prostate cancer aged 70 years and older, divided into 3 different levels of PSA. Full history and clinical data were recorded for all subjects. Blood samples from all subjects and levels of Se, Zn, Cd and Cu were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The odds ratio of trace element levels was adjusted in accordance with socioeconomic data, family history and supplements intake.Results:Mean Se and Zn levels in serum were significantly low (p<0.05) in all prostate cancer patients. The levels of serum Se decreased by 56%, 67% and 70%, while the levels of serum Zn decreased by 35%, 41% and 47%, in subjects with PSA of 5-10 ng/ml, 11-20 ng/ml and > 20 ng/ml, respectively. Cu levels were increased significantly in prostate cancer patients, while Cd levels had no significant difference between control and prostate cancer groups.Conclusion:This study emphasizes the importance of minerals intake during prostate cancer management and follow-up period. This highlights the importance of trace elements Zn and Se intake as food supplements for prostate cancer patients.
Highlights
Recent studies defined environmental factors as the risks of prostate cancer [1]
This study emphasizes the importance of minerals intake during prostate cancer management and follow-up period
This highlights the importance of trace elements Zn and Se intake as food supplements for prostate cancer patients
Summary
Environmental exposure has had implications on prostate cancer evolution or prevention [2] Trace elements, such as zinc, arsenic, cadmium and nickel are obviously found in the surrounding environment, and human exposure comes from different sources, including air, drinking. Many studies showed the important effects of trace elements as segments of many enzymes that highly affect many biological processes They have some regulatory functions that may affect immune reactions and free radical generation [10, 11]. Some studies proved a positive association, while other articles report inverse proportion or even no association [26] Trace elements, such as zinc, arsenic, cadmium and nickel are found naturally in the environment, and human exposure comes from a variety of sources, including air, drinking water, and food. There are a few studies of the association between trace element levels and prostate cancer in the country
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