Correlation of Elongational Fluid Properties to Fiber Diameter in Electrospinning of Softwood Kraft Lignin Solutions

Abstract

Viscoelastic properties of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions of softwood kraft lignin (SKL) containing small amounts of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were investigated. Of interest is the relationship between viscoelastic properties of the spinning solutions and their corresponding electrospinning behavior. Although it is well established that fiber diameter is critical in determining the material properties of nanofibers, lignin solutions have been observed to display poor electrospinnability in many instances. Thus, the motivation behind this work was to understand and exert control over the relevant fluid properties that control the fiber diameter of SKL/PEO fibers, The results of dynamic shear and capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER) experiments indicated that SKL solutions were weakly elastic in shear and Newtonian in elongational flow. SKL solutions were not electrospinnable at concentrations of 25–45 wt % but form fibers at 50 wt % concentration. The addition of PEO to SKL solutions led to an increase in shear moduli and pronounced strain hardening in elongational flow. The characteristic time scales of tensile stress growth (λ) measured with CaBER were dependent on the SKL concentration, PEO concentration, and PEO molecular weight. In contrast to SKL solutions, SKL/PEO solutions are electrospinnable over the concentration range of 25–45 wt % SKL depending on the combination of SKL concentration, PEO concentration, and PEO molecular weight. Correlation between the fiber diameters obtained during electrospinning and the measured value of λ are discussed.