Electrospinning of Technical Lignins for the Production of Fibrous Networks

Abstract

Electrospinning is an effective strategy to produce micron and sub-micron diameter fibrous networks from a variety of polymeric systems. Using seven different technical lignins the effect of lignin structure on fiber formation by electrospinning was studied. Surprisingly, none of the technical lignins could be electrospun into continuous fibers, although beaded fiber formation was observed for the softwood Kraft lignin system at high concentration (>50 wt%). However, the addition of poly(ethylene oxide) dramatically affected the electrospinning behavior and fiber formation. For all of the technical lignins a clear transition from electrospray or beaded fibers to uniform fibers was observed upon addition of poly(ethylene oxide); the lignin concentration dependent on poly(ethylene oxide) content. In all of the systems a linear increase in fiber diameter with increasing lignin concentration was observed. At the same concentration, the various lignin solutions had varying viscosities and different electrospinning behavior, that is, fiber diameter and ability to form uniform fibers, suggesting lignin specific structures and intermolecular interactions are influencing solution properties and electrospinning behavior. In fact, specific viscosity versus concentration plots reveal scaling exponents’, η ∼ c7.4–7.8 consistent with a branched polymer participating in intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding or association complexes.