Abstract
Objective Oxidative stress factors and proinflammatory cytokines had been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD). This study assumes that blood biochemical markers would have a link with TD in schizophrenia patients. To explore the correlation between blood biochemical markers and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia (SCH). Methods From January 2010 to August 2021, the inpatients who met the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia in the Chinese Classification and Diagnosis Criteria of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) and the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) were followed up in the psychiatric outpatient department of Jinxia Street Community Health Service Center, Longhu District, Shantou City. The diagnostic criteria of Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) used in the TD study of Schooler and Kane were used to screen the patients. Patients were divided into the schizophrenia (SCH group) and the schizophrenia with TD groups (TD group). Oxidative stress factors including Superoxide Dismutase1 (SOD1), Glutathione Peroxidase1 (GPX1), Malondialdehyde1 (MDA1), Catalase Activity1 (CAT1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1 (BDNF1) and some inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), prolactin, estrogen, and cortisol were measured in 121 schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia and 118 schizophrenic patients. The correlation analysis was conducted on the data. Results Age and female were immutable risk factors for the development of TD, and there were significant differences in blood biochemical indices GPX1, MDA1, CAT1, and TNF-α in schizophrenic patients with and without TD. Conclusion This study supports that oxidative stress and immune disorders are associated with TD patients. Blood biochemical markers GPX1, MDA1, CAT1, and TNF-α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia combined with TD patients, and they may be useful in the diagnosis of schizophrenia with tardive dyskinesia.
Highlights
Long-term use of antipsychotics can lead to tardive dyskinesia (TD), an abnormal and persistent rigid repetitive involuntary movement disorder in patients [1, 2]
The diagnostic criteria for TD were by Schooler and Kane, namely, the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score of at least one or at least two excluding hypomanic episodes and manic episodes
The results of this study showed that age, prevalence of diabetes, total course of disease, and P1, N1, G1, and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores in the TD group were significantly higher than those in the SCH group (P < 0:05)
Summary
Long-term use of antipsychotics can lead to tardive dyskinesia (TD), an abnormal and persistent rigid repetitive involuntary movement disorder in patients [1, 2]. TD is a serious drug side effect with persistent, long-lasting, and often permanent symptoms. The most prominent symptom is the involuntary movement of the mouth, lips, tongue, and face, known as the oral-tongue-buccal triad, manifested by licking the tongue and swelling the cheek, sometimes accompanied by dancing movements of the torso and limbs or finger-like movements [3, 4]. The etiology of TD is not clear, and the pathogenesis is complex, involving multiple causes. The pathogenesis of TD is mostly centered in the dopamine (DA) hypersensitivity theory and neuronal degeneration hypothesis [5]. Antipsychotic drugs can block the DA receptors in the brain, and the massive accumulation of DA will generate hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide
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