Abstract
BackgroundThere are several ways to determine psychological resilience. However, the correlation between each measurement is not clear. We explored associations of baseline relative “resilience” and risk with later self‐reported trait resilience and other biological/mental health indices.MethodsWe utilized baseline and follow‐up survey data from 500 participants aged 30–64 in the community cohort. Baseline “relative” resilience was defined by: (a) negative life events (NLEs) in the six months before baseline and (b) depressive symptoms at baseline, yielding four groups of individuals: i) “Unexposed and well,” “Vulnerable (depression),” “Reactive (depression),” and “Resilient.” “Trait” resilience at follow‐up was self‐reported using the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). Associations between relative resilience at baseline, CD‐RISC, and heart rate variability (HRV) indices at follow‐up were assessed with generalized linear regression models after adjustments. Associations between baseline resilience and subsequent loneliness/depression indices were also evaluated.ResultsOverall trait resilience and its subfactors at follow‐up showed strong negative associations with “Reactive” at baseline (adj‐β for total CD‐RISC score: −11.204 (men), −9.472 (women)). However, resilience at baseline was not associated with later HRV, which was compared with the significant positive association observed between CD‐RISC and HRV at the same follow‐up time point. The “Reactive” exhibited significantly increased depressive symptoms at follow‐up. The overall distribution pattern of CD‐RISC subfactors differed by baseline resilience status by sex.ConclusionsThe “relative” resilience based on the absence of depression despite prior adversity seems to be highly related with trait resilience at follow‐up but not with HRV. The sub‐factor pattern of CD‐RISC was different by sex.
Highlights
Psychological resilience is multidimensional and can be defined in various ways
Others administered structured scales (Bartone et al, 1989; Wagnild & Young, 1993), among which the Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor & Davidson, 2003) is the most frequently used in investigating resilience traits
Contrariwise, we found no significant associations between any resilience-related category at baseline and the indices of heart rate variability at follow-up (Table 3)
Summary
Psychological resilience is multidimensional and can be defined in various ways. For example, a new research agenda for resilience research gives working definitions of resilience as a (a) capacity (or trait), (b) process (or adaptivity to stressful/traumatic event), and (c) outcome (Choi et al, 2019). Some studies report psychological resilience was associated with stress reactivity measures such as hair cortisol and hypotalamic–pituitary– adrenal axis reactivity including cardiovascular and electrodermal measurement of heart rate and skin conductance level (Lehrer et al, 2020; Winslow et al, 2015). It is essential to recognize that the term “resilience” implies both cross-sectional and temporal aspects: trait resilience and the relative or outcome-based resilience To clarify, both assessments should be made longitudinally and compared. We compared baseline “relative” resilience and risk, defined operationally by the presence of negative event/consequent depression, with “trait” resilience measured with CD-RISC and HRV approximately five years later in each gender. We compared baseline resilience and risk with other mental health outcomes, loneliness, and depressive symptom at follow-up
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