Abstract
There were errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) 23700476 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, a grant from Naito Foundation and the Suzuken Memorial Foundation to SK, and grants from Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation, National Science Foundation and Whitehall Foundation to NCH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No additional external funding was received for this study.
Highlights
Astrocytes play a critical role in regulating information processing at synapses of the central nervous system [1], [2]
By 5 weeks (5w) in culture, some astrocytes were positive for b-galactosidase activity and the number increased in cells cultured for longer periods (Figure 1A), as reported previously for astrocytes mass cultured for 90 days in vitro [17]
The levels of astrocytic proteins, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100ß, have been reported to increase in astrocytes that have undergone more than 40 days in vitro (DIV) [17], [43], [44], [45]. We evaluated this phenomenon by immunohistochemical staining for GFAP (Figure 1D), and measurement of the area of GFAP staining per astrocyte in microisland cultures (Figure 1E)
Summary
Astrocytes play a critical role in regulating information processing at synapses of the central nervous system [1], [2]. In their presence, the number of synapses increases dramatically [3], [4], [5], suggesting that astrocytes provide neurons with the energy and secreted substrates they need for the formation, maturation and stabilization of functional synapses [1], [2]. Previous reports have demonstrated that synaptic maturation is strongly influenced by chemical factors that are secreted by astrocytes. In addition to secreting these factors, astrocytes can regulate synaptogenesis through intricate physical interactions with neurons [11]. Synaptic maturation and neuronal activity are both under many forms of astrocytic control
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