Abstract
Due to the potential of thermal storage being similar to that of the conventional battery, air conditioning (AC) has gained great popularity for its potential to provide ancillary services and emergency reserves. In order to integrate numerous inverter ACs into secondary frequency control, a hierarchical distributed control framework which incorporates a virtual battery model of inverter AC is developed. A comprehensive derivation of a second-order virtual battery model has been strictly posed to formulate the frequency response characteristics of inverter AC. In the hierarchical control scheme, a modified control performance index is utilized to evaluate the available capacity of traditional regulation generators. A coordinated frequency control strategy is derived to exploit the complementary and advantageous characteristics of regulation generators and aggregated AC. A distributed consensus control strategy is developed to guarantee the fair participation of heterogeneous AC in frequency regulation. The finite-time consensus protocol is introduced to ensure the fast convergence of power tracking and the state-of-charge (SOC) consistency of numerous ACs. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated by a variety of illustrative examples.
Highlights
In recent years, frequency fluctuations have become incrementally more severe with the high penetration of renewable energy integrated to the grid
A well-designed control strategy is proposed on the basis of an adjustable control error based on unit capacity (UPCE), which significantly improves the control performance with the participation of heterogeneous air conditioning (AC)
Given Eset refers to the threshold value of Area control error (ACE), the dynamic allocation method based on UPCE is formulated as per the frequency fluctuations and the allocation factor is predefined as the traditional allocation methods, which are formulated as the Equation (20):
Summary
Frequency fluctuations have become incrementally more severe with the high penetration of renewable energy integrated to the grid. That simplifies the communication network and is definitely appropriate for coordinating distributed resources with participation in the frequency regulation [23] This control strategy requires the power tracking and energy balancing for fair utilization of available resources. Due to a lack of dynamic frequency behaviors in inverter ACs, the finite-time consensus approach has rarely been utilized to control both the power outputs and energy states for aggregated ACs in current studies. A well-designed control strategy is proposed on the basis of an adjustable control error based on unit capacity (UPCE), which significantly improves the control performance with the participation of heterogeneous ACs. A distributed pinning control algorithm is developed to coordinate the numerous ACs. The desired dynamic performance, which refers to the convergence of power tracking and state-of-charge (SOC) balancing of inverter ACs, is ensured by the finite-time consensus protocol.
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