Coordinated control of Incentive-Based Demand Response Program and BESS for frequency regulation in low inertia isolated grid

Abstract

With the increase in penetration of inverter-based renewable energy resources (RES) to meet the increasing demand, frequency regulation is a major concern in low inertia isolated microgrids. Conventionally, a battery energy storage system (BESS) regulates the frequency in coordination with RES. Using only BESS for frequency regulation may not be sufficient during high penetration of RES. Therefore, maintaining the BESS state of charge (SOC) at a nominal value for up/down frequency regulation services becomes daunting. Customers’ participation through the Demand Response (DR) programs is investigated to provide frequency regulation services when the existing BESS and other resources are insufficient for regulation services. The coordination between the Incentive-Based Demand Response (IBDR) program and BESS is used to provide frequency regulation services and maintain the nominal SOC of the battery. For the IBDR program, the power consumption of commercial buildings’ heating ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are controlled by changing air handling units’ fan speed (AHUs). The speed of the fan in AHUs is tracked to regulate the frequency. A decentralized control scheme with a simple PI and PD controller is proposed. The simulated results show that smooth frequency regulation is achieved through coordinated control of HVAC loads and BESS.