Abstract
In a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), the braking system is composed of friction braking and regenerative braking. When a driver presses the brake pedal, each braking system collaborates and applies braking torque. The friction brake is a hydraulic system which has a slow response time and the regenerative brake is an electric system which responds quickly. Such characteristics bring a control problem, especially transient characteristic of shifts between regenerative brake and friction brake, because the hydraulic system cannot follow the response time of the electric system. The friction braking torque is also governed by the friction coefficient which changes with temperature. This causes the braking torque to be generated differently with the demanded braking torque, without considering the temperature. Due to these problems, the driver would feel uncomfortable and the vehicle would be unstable resulting from the difference in response time and variance of the friction coefficient when pressing the brake pedal. Hence, it is essential to coincide the settling time of friction and regenerative braking system regarding the temperature. To solve these problems, the hydraulic system was mathematically modelled using the flow and continuity equations and the electric system was modelled using the d-q transformation and voltage equation. The temperature estimation model of the brake components was developed using the heat transfer methods which are conduction, convection and semi-infinite solid. The brake temperature was calculated by the finite difference method (FDM). With the mathematical model of hydraulic and electric systems, the coincidence control for the settling time of both systems was established. It was also possible to find the friction coefficient and calculate the braking torque by using the temperature estimator. In this paper, the numerical simulation was carried out to verify these control algorithms. The difference in response time between friction and regenerative braking system was reduced and the transient characteristic was improved. Also, the braking torque was compensated with the temperature, and the difference between demanded and actual braking torque lessen using the algorithms.
Highlights
The regenerative braking system is the most important technology for the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV); it has been mainly researched for improvement of fuel efficiency [1, 2], but stability of the brake system should be considered because the function of a brake is safety
The friction brake is a hydraulic system, which has a slow response time, and the regenerative braking system, which has a fast response time. This means that the hydraulic system cannot follow the response time of the electric system, and sudden deceleration or acceleration occurs when the regenerative braking and friction braking switch
The braking system of a HEV is usually comprised of a friction brake and a regenerative brake, this means that a total braking torque are On/Off solenoid valves which are normally open (NO), these increase the pressure of each wheel cylinder by using the pulse width modulation control (PWM control)
Summary
In a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), the braking system is composed of friction braking and regenerative. T is an electric system which responds quickly Such characteristics bring a control problem, especially transient characteristic of shifts between regenerative brake and friction brake, because the hydraulic. A the driver would feel uncomfortable and the vehicle would be unstable resulting from the difference in response time and variance of the friction coefficient when pressing the brake pedal. R to coincide the settling time of friction and regenerative braking system regarding the temperature To solve these problems, the hydraulic system was mathematically modelled using the flow and continuity.
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