Conventional and sensor-based streamflow data acquisition system for sustainable water resources management and agricultural applications: an extensive review of literature

Abstract

This paper presents an extensive review of literature of conventional and sensor-based methods for streamflow data collection intended for sustainable water resources management and agricultural applications. Conventional methods reviewed are direct measurements, e.g., floating method, volumetric method, current meter, trajectory, dilution method, Acoustic Doppler current profiler and electromagnetic. Hydraulic structure methods are also included, and remote sensing and particle image velocimetry as non-contact approaches. This paper also presents a review of published literature on local studies in the Philippines that employed sensor-based measurement of streamflow for water resources management. A comparative analysis of the various methods was then made based on their applicability with respect to the characteristics of the streams, ease of operation, effectiveness, accuracy, and the cost. Results showed that for most cases, when resources are available, current meter method is still, the best method to be used due to its high accuracy, time efficiency and versatility. For hilly terrain which covers larger areas, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is suitable with accurate results. For long term measurements, hydraulic structures maybe considered due to its high accuracy when installed properly and if the conditions are met. Additionally, when other methods are impractical and impossible to use, float method is best due to its advantage in operation and cost especially in flat and unobstructed terrain. For channels with small quantity of streamflow that converges into a single descend like a waterfall, volumetric method is suitable. Sensor-based methods are the most effective for real-time monitoring of streamflow and they are applicable to almost any terrain and river size. In selecting the most suitable method for streamflow monitoring, the characteristics of the river or stream, ease of access, accuracy, and availability of financial and physical resources must be considered. Finally, recommendations are offered to maximize the potential applicability of the most effective methods for sustainable water resources management and agricultural applications particularly in developing countries.