Abstract
Plant responses during the pathogen infection and the pathogen control reflect its strategies to protect its cells. This work represents the Alternaria cerealis MT808477 as a phytopathogen causing leaf spot disease in tomatoes. A. cerealis was identified morphologically and genetically by 18SrRNA, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Trichoderma harzianum has the ability to control A. cerealis MT808477 by stimulating various cell responses during the controlling process. The cell behavior during the biological control process was observed by analyses of total phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase). The extracts of infected tomato leaves were tested against plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. Results showed that the biological control process activates the defense cell strategies by increasing the plant tolerance, and activation of plant defense systems. The total phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant and malondialdehyde were increased after 48 h. Catalase and peroxidase were increased in infected tomato plants and decreased during the biological control process, reflecting the decrease of cell stress. Leaves extract inhibited the growth of nine plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. Biological control represents a safe and effective solution to phytopathogens that decreases plant cell stress by stimulating various defensive agents.
Highlights
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants are a strategic crop which are full of safe phytochemicals that could prevent major human chronic diseases [1]
Pathogenicity of Alternaria cerealis in Tomato Plants
In order to reduce the incapacity and loss in tomato plant production caused by this pathogen, biological control agent was used to controlling the leaf spot disease caused by A. cerealis
Summary
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants are a strategic crop which are full of safe phytochemicals that could prevent major human chronic diseases [1]. Trichoderma species act as biological control agents that have been reported to suppress important plant diseases and can effectively induce plant defense against various pathogens. In protective signal transduction pathways, antioxidants can play a very important physiological role as a secondary messenger and act as one of the first cell responses to invading pathogens associated with damage to cell homeostasis. This leads to the expression and activation of plant defense-related genes via phytoalexin formation, cell wall deposition, and protein-related pathogenesis (PR) proteins [5,10]. We monitored the defense responses of the plant cells by stimulation of many chemical signals that cause a considerable increase in the activity of some chemical defense
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