Abstract
The iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS. WS-PPyNPs have been prepared via a simple chemical polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as both dopant and the stabilizing agent. The synthesis of the soluble polymer was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The loading mechanism of INS onto the WS-PPyNPs is based on the fact that the drug molecules can be replaced with doped dodecyl sulfate. A two-compartment Franz-type diffusion cell was employed to study the effect of current density, formulation pH, INS concentration, and sodium chloride concentration on anodal iontophoresis (AIP) and cathodal iontophoresis (CIP) of INS across the rat skin. Both AIP and CIP delivery of INS using WS-PPyNPs were significantly increased compared to passive delivery. Furthermore, while the AIP experiment (60 min at 0.13 mA cm–2) show low cumulative drug permeation for INS (about 20.48 µg cm−2); the CIP stimulation exhibited a cumulative drug permeation of 68.29 µg cm−2. This improvement is due to the separation of positively charged WS-PPyNPs and negatively charged INS that has occurred in the presence of cathodal stimulation. The obtained results confirm the potential applicability of WS-PPyNPs as an effective approach in the development of controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS.
Highlights
IntroductionThe increase of obesity incidence in virtually all countries around the world drives the rise in diabetes (mostly type-II diabetes) occurrence [1,2]
It was estimated by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) that diabetes was responsible for 4.2 million deaths around the world in 2019, which is equivalent to one death every seven seconds [3]
The results show that cathodal iontophoresis (CIP) of INS at 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.13 mA cm−2 resulted in a cumulative transdermal transfer of 0.41, 2.93, 7.85, and 13.83 μg cm−2, respectively
Summary
The increase of obesity incidence in virtually all countries around the world drives the rise in diabetes (mostly type-II diabetes) occurrence [1,2]. It was estimated by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) that diabetes was responsible for 4.2 million deaths around the world in 2019, which is equivalent to one death every seven seconds [3]. The transdermal drug delivery methods have remarkable advantages compared with others, such as increased patient acceptance, simplicity, and lower potential for injection site-associated infections [9,10]
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