Controlled preparation of spinel CoCr2O4 nanocrystals with variable proportions of mixed redox couplings for enhanced sensing to hydrogen peroxide

Abstract

Chromium-based spinels with multiple mixed valence states have been considered as promising electrocatalysts. However, they are rarely reported as electrochemical sensors. Herein, spinel CoCr2O4 nanocrystals with mixed redox couplings were controllably synthesized through a simple sol-gel method followed by air calcination at 500 °C and 600 °C. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum analyses reveal that CoCr2O4-500 and CoCr2O4-600 products possess different surface ratios of Co3+/Co2+ and Cr3+/Cr2+. Meanwhile, non-enzymatic H2O2 electrochemical sensors were successfully fabricated by drop-coating the aforementioned nanomaterials onto the surface of bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Amongst, CoCr2O4-500/GCE shows high sensitivity (1016 μA mM-1 cm-2), low detection limit (150 nM) and wide detection range to H2O2 in 0.1 M NaOH solution. These important indicators are better than those of CoCr2O4-600/GCE. It is also the first time to achieve highly sensitive detection of H2O2 by pure chromite spinels so far. Such excellent electrochemical sensing performance stems from the synergistic effect of its large apparent electrode area, high electrical conductivity and proper surface ratio of mixed redox couplings for Co3+/2+/Cr3+/2+. Moreover, it also exhibits good selectivity, stability and recovery rate to trace H2O2 in milk whey, mouthwash and contact lens cleaning solution.