Controllable growth of “multi-level tower” ZnO for biodiesel production

Abstract

“Multi-level tower” ZnO with bulk quantity has been grown by a simple aqueous solution technique. Detailed structural characterization revealed that, the “multi-level tower” ZnO showed perfect hexagonal sectional morphology, with the length and diameter being 1–2 μm and 200–300 nm, respectively. When “multi-level tower” ZnO was used as the solid base catalyst to synthesize biodiesel, a biodiesel yield of 73.5% was achieved, much higher than the 46.2% of particle-like ZnO. Preferred nucleation and growth of ZnO nuclei along [0 0 0 1] direction resulted in hexagonal rod-like ZnO, and further layer-by-layer stacking of rod-like ZnO led to “multi-level tower” architectures, which predominantly exposed active O 2− on (0 0 0 2), ( 1 0 1 ¯ 0 ) , ( 0 1 1 ¯ 0 ) and ( 1 ¯ 1 0 0 ) planes of ZnO, resulting in obvious enhancement of catalytic activity and high yield of biodiesel.