Abstract
Building on the recent progress of four-dimensional (4D) printing to produce dynamic structures, this study aimed to bring this technology to the next level by introducing control-based 4D printing to develop adaptive 4D-printed systems with highly versatile multi-disciplinary applications, including medicine, in the form of assisted soft robots, smart textiles as wearable electronics and other industries such as agriculture and microfluidics. This study introduced and analysed adaptive 4D-printed systems with an advanced manufacturing approach for developing stimuli-responsive constructs that organically adapted to environmental dynamic situations and uncertainties as nature does. The adaptive 4D-printed systems incorporated synergic integration of three-dimensional (3D)-printed sensors into 4D-printing and control units, which could be assembled and programmed to transform their shapes based on the assigned tasks and environmental stimuli. This paper demonstrates the adaptivity of these systems via a combination of proprioceptive sensory feedback, modeling and controllers, as well as the challenges and future opportunities they present.
Highlights
The market share of additive manufacturing (AM) in the global industry continues to grow, reaching $7 billion USD in 2017 and estimated to hit $33 billion USD by 2023 [1]
The material properties, geometry and dimensions of the print played a significant role in the performance of the sensors in the adaptive 4D-printed systems to produce a detectable response (Table 1)
This paper has proposed and discussed the new technology of adaptive 4D-printed systems which are printed systems that incorporate 3D-printed sensors and control algorithms and programmed to handle delicate tasks in dynamic environments
Summary
The market share of additive manufacturing (AM) in the global industry continues to grow, reaching $7 billion USD in 2017 and estimated to hit $33 billion USD by 2023 [1]. Bandgapping a certain frequency region [26] and absorbing the energy of metastructures are prospective applications of adaptive 4D-printed structures via control-based 4D printing [27]. Soft robotics is another interesting application where the adaptability of 4D printing can be utilized to print and control constructs for grasping, sorting and handling frail objects. Such systems could be used in regulating the fluids in microfluidics, as 4D-printed valves and pumps [28].
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