Abstract
Abstract: Response of Pinus banksiana Lamb, forest communities during the first growing season following a spring fire (three communities) was contrasted with response following a summer fire (two communities) in northeastern Minnesota. Differences in both quantity and quality of vegetation were related to degree of destruction of the forest floor. The spring fire destroyed the litter layer, but left much of the cool, moist lower layers intact, protecting the plant reproductive structures within them. The summer fire consumed virtually all of the warmer, drier forest floor and most of the associated reproductive structures. Reproduction following the spring fire developed vegetatively and prolifically, while that following the summer fire developed primarily from seed and was less abundant. The summer fire also liberated more nutrients from
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