Contrasting interactions between dipole oscillators in classical and quantum theories: illustrations of unretarded van der Waals forces

Abstract

Students encounter harmonic-oscillator models in many aspects of basic physics, within widely varying theoretical contexts. Here we highlight the interconnections and varying points of view. We start with the classical mechanics of masses coupled by springs and trace how the same essential systems are reanalysed in the unretarded van der Waals interactions between dipole oscillators within classical and quantum theories. We note how classical-mechanical ideas from kinetic theory lead to energy equipartition which determines the high-temperature van der Waals forces of atoms and molecules modelled as dipole oscillators. In this case, colliding heat-bath particles can be regarded as providing local hidden variables for the statistical mechanical behaviour of the oscillators. Next we note how relativistic classical electrodynamical ideas conflict with the assumptions of nonrelativistic classical statistical mechanics. Classical electrodynamics which includes classical zero-point radiation leads to van der Waals forces between dipole oscillators, and these classical forces agree at all temperatures with the forces derived from quantum theory. However, the classical theory providing this agreement is not a local theory, but rather a non-local hidden-variables theory. The classical theory can be regarded as involving hidden variables in the random phases of the plane waves spreading throughout space which provide the source-free random radiation.