Contemporary characteristics, outcomes and novel risk score for Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a national inpatient sample analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is an established differential diagnosis in the category of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronaries with significant recent interest but limited data on prognostication. We reviewed the characteristics and in-hospital outcomes and developed a novel risk score for TC. Methods Adult patients (≥18 years of age) with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and TC were identified from the National Inpatient Sample 2016-2020 in the United States. The cohort was divided into ACS with and without TC, and the related baseline data was retrieved. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify clinical factors associated with TC and its adverse outcomes and to create a risk-scoring system estimating mortality risk in the TC cohort. Results Amongst 7,219,004 adult patients admitted for ACS, 78,214 (1.0%) were diagnosed with TC, with a mean age of 68.2 years, 64,526 (82.5%) being female, and 5,475 (7.0%, compared with 8.4% for other ACS) in-hospital mortality events. Key factors significantly associated with TC diagnosis were female sex (OR 6.78 (95%CI 6.47-7.09), p<0.001) and chronic heart failure (OR 1.60 (95%CI 1.54-1.66), p<0.001). Based on multivariable analyses for in-hospital mortality in TC patients, a novel risk score was developed, with parameters and score assignment listed in the Figure. The score can be divided into three categories: low risk (-3 to +3), moderate risk (4 to 7), and high risk (8 to 19), and its area under curves for in-hospital mortality were 0.716 in the derivation and 0.726 in the validation cohorts. Conclusion TC remains a high-risk diagnosis in a minority of ACS hospitalizations, with comparable in-hospital mortality rates to other causes of ACS. A novel score was developed to risk stratify TC inpatients with moderate discrimination and internal validation, warranting external validation.Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Risk Score