Abstract
PurposeUnmarried status is an established risk factor for worse cancer control outcomes in various malignancies. Moreover, several investigators observed worse outcomes in unmarried males, but not in females. This concept has not been tested in upper tract urothelial carcinoma and represents the topic of the study. MethodsWithin Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2004–2016), we identified 8833 non-metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy (5208 males vs. 3625 females). Kaplan Meier plots and multivariable Cox regression models predicting overall mortality, other-cause mortality and cancer-specific mortality were used. ResultsOverall, 1323 males (25.4%) and 1986 females (54.8%) were unmarried. Except for lower rates of chemotherapy in unmarried males (15.6 vs. 19.6%, P = 0.001) and unmarried females (13.8 vs. 23.6%, P < 0.001), no clinically meaningful differences were recorded between males and females. In multivariable Cox regression models, unmarried status was an independent predictor of higher overall mortality in both males (Hazard ratio [HR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.48, P < 0.001) and females (HR: 1.13, 95%CI: 1.00–1.27, P = 0.04), as well as of higher other-cause mortality in both males (HR: 1.53, 95%CI: 1.26–1.84,P < 0.001) and females (HR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.15–1.78,P < 0.01). However, higher cancer-specific mortality was only recorded in unmarried males (HR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.08–1.42, P < 0.01), but not in females (HR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.89–1.17, P = 0.7). ConclusionUnmarried status is a marker of worse survival in both males and females and should be flagged as an important risk factor at diagnosis, in both sexes. In consequence, unmarried patients represent candidate for interventions aimed at decreasing the survival gap relative to married counterparts.
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