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Abstract
Isothermal hot compression tests of 20Cr2Ni4A alloy steel were performed under temperatures of 973–1273 K and strain rates of 0.001–1 s−1. The behavior of the flow stress of 20Cr2Ni4A alloy steel at warm and hot temperatures is complicated because of the influence of the work hardening, the dynamic recovery, and the dynamic recrystallization. Four constitutive equations were used to predict the flow stress of 20Cr2Ni4A alloy steel, including the original strain-compensated Arrhenius-type (osA-type) equation, the new modified strain-compensated Arrhenius-type (msA-type) equation, the original Hensel–Spittel (oHS) equation and the modified Hensel–Spittel (mHS) equation. The msA-type and mHS are developed by revising the deformation temperatures, which can improve prediction accuracy. In addition, we propose a new method of solving the parameters by combining a linear search with multiple linear regression. The new solving method is used to establish the two modified constitutive equations instead of the traditional regression analysis. A comparison of the predicted values based on the four constitutive equations was performed via relative error, average absolute relative error (AARE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). These results show the msA-type and mHS equations are more accurate and efficient in terms of predicting the flow stress of the 20Cr2Ni4A steel at elevated temperature.
Highlights
The metal forming process is widely used in the processing of metals and alloys because of its various advantages, including saving of the raw materials, high productivity and premium quality.The metal forming process of alloy steel can be performed under room, warm or hot temperatures.Compared with plastic deformation under room temperature, warm, and hot forming can improve material plasticity and reduce the forming load, due to the temperature raising [1,2].Generally, the warm forming process is conducted within the temperature range, which is lower than the recrystallization temperature, but higher than the room temperature [3]
The material used in this research was 20Cr2Ni4A alloy steel, whose chemical composition is
Each specimen was heated to the deformation temperature at 10 K/s and at 10 K/s and held for 3 min to equilibrate the temperature throughout the specimen
Summary
The metal forming process is widely used in the processing of metals and alloys because of its various advantages, including saving of the raw materials, high productivity and premium quality.The metal forming process of alloy steel can be performed under room, warm or hot temperatures.Compared with plastic deformation under room temperature, warm, and hot forming can improve material plasticity and reduce the forming load, due to the temperature raising [1,2].Generally, the warm forming process is conducted within the temperature range, which is lower than the recrystallization temperature, but higher than the room temperature [3]. The metal forming process is widely used in the processing of metals and alloys because of its various advantages, including saving of the raw materials, high productivity and premium quality. The metal forming process of alloy steel can be performed under room, warm or hot temperatures. Compared with plastic deformation under room temperature, warm, and hot forming can improve material plasticity and reduce the forming load, due to the temperature raising [1,2]. The hot forming process is carried out above the recrystallization temperature. When compared with the room and hot forming, warm forming has various advantages, including better surface quality, better grain structure, less subsequent machining and closer tolerances [4,5].
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