Conservationscapes: an interdisciplinary framework to link species‐focused conservation to human systems

Abstract

Effective conservation of species requires an understanding of both the ecological characteristics of threats to the species in question, as well as the social and governance context of those threats. However, data on such characteristics and context are often lacking. This paper proposes the “conservationscape” framework as a guide for filling these data gaps, through interdisciplinary research that links species‐focused conservation to a broader, human‐inclusive understanding of threats and possible solutions. This framework, adapted from other social–ecological system frameworks, outlines (1) basic characteristics of species and the threats they face, (2) social factors (including economic and cultural factors) that influence human activities linked to these threats, and (3) governance context, or how human activities are managed (eg through regulations or institutions). The accidental capture, or bycatch, of marine mammals – specifically, Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) – by small‐scale fisheries offers a practical example of how this framework can be used to develop a holistic understanding of conservation threats and possible solutions. For many conservation issues, this framework could help provide critical information, elucidate patterns and priorities through cross‐site comparisons, and reduce the gap between research and effective conservation by informing solutions that integrate the human dimension.