Consequences of intense drought on CO2 and CH4 fluxes of the reed ecosystem at Lake Neusiedl

Abstract

Reed (Phragmites australis) dominated wetlands are commonly known as strong carbon (C) sinks due to the high productivity of the reed plant and C fixation in the wetland soil. However, little is known about the effects of drought on reed-dominated wetlands and the possibility of Pannonian reed ecosystems being a source of greenhouse gases (GHG). The drought at Lake Neusiedl had a particular impact on the water level, but also had consequences for the reed belt. Therefore, we investigated the drought-influenced C fluxes and their drivers in the reed ecosystem of this subsaline lake over a period of 4.5 years (mid-2018 to 2022). We applied eddy covariance technique to continuously quantify the vertical turbulent GHG exchange between reed belt & atmosphere and used vegetation indices to account for reed growth. Methane emissions decreased by 76% from 9.2 g CH4-C m-2a-1 (2019) to 2.2 g CH4-C m-2 a-1 (2022), which can be explained by the falling water level, the associated drying out of the reed belt and its consequences. Carbon dioxide emissions initially decreased by 85% from 181 g CO2-C m-2 a-1 (2019) to 27 g CO2-C m-2 a-1 (2021), but then increased to twice the 2019 level in 2022 (391 g CO2-C m-2 a-1). Due to the drying reed belt, the reed initially grew into formerly water-covered areas within the reed belt, especially in 2021, leading to higher photosynthesis through 2021. This development stopped and even reversed in 2022 as a consequence of the sharp decrease in sediment water content from about 65 to 32 Vol-% in mid-2022. Overall, drought led to a decoupling of the reed ecosystem from the open lake area and developed the wetland into a strong C source.