Connectives and conjunctions

Abstract

Connectives – words or phrases that connect one part of discourse with another – are a pervasive feature of MSA syntax. Arabic sentences and clauses within a text are connected and interconnected by means of words or phrases (such as wa - ‘and’) that coordinate, subordinate, and otherwise link them semantically and syntactically. This frequent use of connectives results in a high degree of textual cohesion in Arabic writing that contrasts significantly with the terser style of written English. Not only are parts of Arabic sentences coordinated or subordinated in various ways, but most sentences within a text actually start with a connective word that links each sentence with the previous ones. Even paragraphs are introduced with connectives that connect them to the text as a whole. As Al-Batal remarks: “MSA seems to have a connecting constraint that requires the writer to signal continuously to the reader, through the use of connectives, the type of link that exists between different parts of the text. This gives the connectives special importance as text-building elements and renders them essential for the reader's processing of text” (1990, 256). Connective words that link sentences within a text are referred to as “discourse markers.” Analysis of discourse markers in English has tended to focus on spoken conversation whereas analysis of discourse markers in Arabic (Al-Batal 1990, Johnstone 1990, Kammensjo 1993) has focused particularly on the structure of written narrative.