Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is Superior to Orthopantomogram (OPG) in Interpreting the Imaging Characteristics of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ and More Stage-Sensitive: A Prospective Assessment in 98 Cancer Patients

Abstract

Objectives: To prospectively evaluate the imaging characteristics of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ), observed in the Orthopantomogram (OPG) and in Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), in patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: Cancer patients, who received Bone Targeting Agents (BTAs) and developed MRONJ, were prospectively included in the study. MRONJ was staged following the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (AAOMS) 2014 criteria. Four predefined radiological findings, osteolytic changes, sclerosis, periosteal reaction, and sequestration were assessed and were scored as “absent”, “localized”, “extensive” and “beyond the alveolar bone”. Results: Ninety-eight cancer patients were enrolled. Eighty patients (81.6%) received BTAs for over a year; 19 (19.4%) received BTAs between 13 to 24 months and 61 patients (62.2%) received BTAs for over 24 months. The majority of the patients (n=58, 59.2%) had stage 2 MRONJ and 35 (35.7%) were at MRONJ stage 3.Fifty-two (53.06%) patients were assessed with OPG and 89 (90.81%) with CBCT and CBCT was found more effective in detecting sclerosis and sequestration than OPG.Forty-three (43.87%) patients were assessed with both OPG and CBCT and were available for comparisons between OPG and CBCT. CBCT was significantly more accurate than OPG in interpreting the “beyond the alveolar bone” osteolytic changes, sclerosis, periosteal reaction and sequestration, in all MRONJ stages. P-value was 0.0002, <0.0001, 0.0027 and 0.0009 respectively.Furthermore, CBCT was significantly more accurate than OPG in interpreting the “extensive” and “beyond the alveolar bone” imaging characteristics, when comparisons included the patients with early stages of MRONJ, 1 and 2 and the patients with stage 3 of MRONJ. Conclusion: CBCT is superior and more stage-sensitive to OPG in interpreting and staging MRONJ and can be particularly useful to achieve an early diagnosis of MRONJ.