Abstract
The chemistry of cement makes greenhouse-gas emissions inevitable. When mixed with clay and heated to temperatures over 1,400°C, calcium carbonate in the limestone turns into calcium oxide, with the carbonate component released as carbon dioxide gas, and then reacts with silica in the clay to form a complex mixture of silicates in a product called cement clinker. This clinker then reacts with water to first form a sticky mortar that quickly hardens even underwater. The cement does not dry out. Instead, much of the water takes part in a polymerisation reaction that binds both it and the other rocky materials in the mixture into a solid block.
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