Abstract
This chapter explores party system dynamics, proposing a classification of the smallest European party systems, with a special focus on the process of systemic institutionalization. After describing the most common patterns of interaction in European microstates, the chapter summarizes the literature on the causes of party-system institutionalization. It uses a most-similar-systems-design to explain variation in the levels of systemic stability among the cases included in the sample. The chapter deals with a summary of the main findings and a reflection on possible avenues for future research. Until the last parliamentary elections, Montenegro was the only party system in Europe where opposition parties had never formed a government. In Andorra, the Liberal Party also initially dominated the party system. Data on cleavage formation and development in microstates is extremely scarce.
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