Abstract
Simple SummaryThis article discusses the impacts of arousal and emotional state on training animals using methods based on reward and punishment. Three-dimensional graphs are provided to offer a visual means to illustrate how arousal and emotional state may influence the effectiveness of reward and punishment depending on the behaviour being trained. Dogs and horses are used to illustrate this with reference to commonly trained behaviours in a predatory and a prey animal. Animal training relies heavily on an understanding of species-specific behaviour as it integrates with operant conditioning principles. Following on from recent studies showing that affective states and arousal levels may correlate with behavioural outcomes, we explore the contribution of both affective state and arousal in behavioural responses to operant conditioning. This paper provides a framework for assessing how affective state and arousal may influence the efficacy of operant training methods. It provides a series of three-dimensional conceptual graphs as exemplars to describing putative influences of both affective state and arousal on the likelihood of dogs and horses performing commonly desired behaviours. These graphs are referred to as response landscapes, and they highlight the flexibility available for improving training efficacy and the likely need for different approaches to suit animals in different affective states and at various levels of arousal. Knowledge gaps are discussed and suggestions made for bridging them.
Highlights
IntroductionDomestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have a long association with humans that depends largely on our ability to train them
Trained animals are important contributors to work, sport and recreation
The y-axis tracks the possible probability of a dog heeling on leash depending on the dog’s affective (z-axis) and arousal states (x-axis), both of which are shown on a simple, representative scale of 0–10, where 0 is low arousal and a very negative affective state and 10 is high arousal and a very positive affective state, respectively
Summary
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have a long association with humans that depends largely on our ability to train them. This training ranges from conditioning simple behaviours that optimise sharing a living space with them to highly specific and complex behavioural sequences that capitalise on the abilities of dogs that we lack, such as speed, agility and a keen sense of smell. It has long been held that behavioural output is a product of affect, which comprises two components, arousal and emotional valence [4,5]. Arousal and emotional valence are more challenging to quantify
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