Abstract
To improve the operationalization and targeting of interventions, psychological resilience requires a integrated explanatory framework as well as clear intervention principles which fit specific cultural contexts. The study outlines four waves of psychological resilience research, arguing that psychological resilience is both an ability to cope with adversity that all people have and a process of immunization, rebound and growth with distinct individual characteristics and different ecological levels that can be unified in a multi-level, multi-dimensional framework. Psychological resilience interventions should follow the principles of individualization, localization, multisystem integration, developmental appropriateness, and evidence-based practice.
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