Abstract
Air pollution is a critical urban environmental issue in China; however, the relationships between air pollutants and ecological functional zones in urban areas are poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of four major air pollutants (particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and 10 µm (PM10) in diameter, SO2, and NO2) concentrations over five ecological functional zones in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, at hourly, seasonal, and annual scales using data collected from 11 monitoring stations over 2 years. We further assessed the relationships between these pollutants and meteorological conditions and land-use types at the local scale. Peaks in PM, SO2, and NO2 concentrations occurred at 08:00–09:00 and 23:00 in all five zones. Daytime PM concentrations were highest in the industrial zone, and those of SO2 and NO2 were highest in residential areas. All four air pollutants reached their highest concentrations in winter and lowest in summer. The highest mean seasonal PM concentrations were found in the industrial zone, and the highest SO2 and NO2 concentrations were found in residential areas. The mean annual PM and SO2 concentrations decreased in 2017 in all zones, while that of NO2 increased in all zones excluding the cultural zone. The natural reserve zone had the lowest concentrations of all pollutants at all temporal scales. Pollutant concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 were correlated with visibility, and their correlation coefficients are 0.675, 0.579, 0.475, and 0.477. Land coverage with buildings and natural vegetation negatively and positively influence air pollutant concentrations, respectively.
Highlights
Air pollution has detrimental effects on human health [1,2,3], atmospheric visibility [4,5], air quality [6,7], and regional and global climate change [8,9]
PM2.5 concentrations were lowest in the natural reserve zone (Z5), and were 4.96–19.47 μg·m−3 lower than the concentrations found in other zones (Figure 2a,b)
PM2.5 concentrations were consistently higher in the industrial zone (Z4) relative to the other zones
Summary
Air pollution has detrimental effects on human health [1,2,3], atmospheric visibility [4,5], air quality [6,7], and regional and global climate change [8,9]. Seven of the 10 most-polluted cities in the world are in China [10], and air quality in China has been extremely poor in recent decades. To combat this problem, environmental monitoring stations have been established in most Chinese cities to monitor pollution and inform control measures. Environmental monitoring stations have been established in most Chinese cities to monitor pollution and inform control measures These data have been used extensively to describe the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollutants [11,12,13,14,15]. Air pollution is higher in winter and lower in Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1070; doi:10.3390/atmos11101070 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere
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