Abstract
In the article, investigation is given of the developed mathematical models of nonequilibrium in time and distributed in space thermodynamic state of Earth’s matter from its center to its surface depending on the cases of the presence and absence of an internal source of thermal energy concentrated in the center of mass taking into account known geophysical data about the nucleus, mantle, lithosphere and atmosphere, and endogenous and exogenous heat fluxes. The objects of research are as follows: mathematical models of geothermal energy of the Earth, its internal source, and heat balance of endogenous and exogenous heat fluxes on the Earth’s surface. Research methods used are as follows: thermometry in deep wells, ground and remote sensing of heat fluxes of the Earth and the planets of the Solar System, mathematical modeling of heat exchange and thermoelastic processes from compression of Earth’s matter by gravitational field energy information and classical physical and mathematical methods, and computer modeling. The aim of research: in computer modeling to provide new mathematical models that determine the geophysical parameters of geothermal energy, which are aimed on solving problems of energy, environmental and economic security of society, using modern technical means of calculating ground and remote sensing data development of geothermal resources, and regulation of the heat balance of the ecosystem, namely: (i) study of the geological structure of the lithosphere to a depth of 10 km by remote sensing to determine the physical parameters of its layers more accurately than ground methods; (ii) development of projects of geothermal power plants on the basis of single isolated wells of a given depth with a capacity of up to 2 ÷ 3 mW of electricity on continents of the globe; (iii) real-time monitoring and forecasting of the temperature field of the atmosphere according to its physical and chemical composition. The novelty of the obtained research results: (i) developed the mathematical model of the physical process of origin and distribution in the bowels of the density of geothermal energy of the Earth from the surface to its center, which is the density of internal energy of an elementary geological object, and which increases when approaching the center of the planet; (ii) developed the mathematical model of the thermal energy source of infrared (IR) waves of the elementary geophysical object of the Earth’s interior depending on the depth of its occurrence, which allows to determine the stable generation of geothermal energy by rocks in a deep well for extraction and conversion into electricity and to study the geological structure and physical properties of the Earth’s interior; (iii) the mathematical model of heat exchange between the layers of the Earth’s subsoil with the thermal energy of infrared waves according to the laws of Fourier thermal conductivity and Stefan–Boltzmann heat transfer, which together with the geothermal energy source model allows to determine a thermal capacity of rocks in a deep well; (iv) developed the mathematical model of stable action of a source of thermal energy in the center of mass of the Earth, in the absence of which it is hard to explain the power of its endogenous infrared heat flux, parameters of geothermal energy distribution in the Earth, and the current thermodynamic state of the atmosphere, and the change in temperature of which depends on the thermophysical parameters of the physical-chemical composition of the atmosphere more than on changes in the thermal activity of the Sun; (v) determination of new numerical values: thermophysical parameters of the Earth’s interior; kinetic, potential and own gravitational energy of the Earth and own gravitational energy of the planets of the Solar System.
Highlights
Investigation is given of the developed mathematical models of nonequilibrium in time and distributed in space thermodynamic state of Earth’s matter from its center to its surface depending on the cases of the presence and absence of an internal source of thermal energy concentrated in the center of mass taking into account known geophysical data about the nucleus, mantle, lithosphere and atmosphere, and endogenous and exogenous heat fluxes. e objects of research are as follows: mathematical models of geothermal energy of the Earth, its internal source, and heat balance of endogenous and exogenous heat fluxes on the Earth’s surface
Introduction e process of development of geothermal resources (GTRs) for energy, environmental and social security of local society is growing in many countries around the world. e experience of using GTR shows that the most promising technology for the use and conversion of geothermal energy into thermal and electrical energy consumption is electric geothermal station technology based on an isolated single well (EGS-ISW)
Existing physical ideas about the origin of geothermal energy are based on two hypotheses: “cold” and “hot” Earth [1], which do not answer a number of important questions for the development of society based on geothermal energy, which arise in the analysis of endogenous and exogenous thermal flows of the Earth
Summary
Received 5 October 2020; Revised 23 June 2021; Accepted 17 July 2021; Published 10 August 2021. E aim of research: in computer modeling to provide new mathematical models that determine the geophysical parameters of geothermal energy, which are aimed on solving problems of energy, environmental and economic security of society, using modern technical means of calculating ground and remote sensing data development of geothermal resources, and regulation of the heat balance of the ecosystem, namely: (i) study of the geological structure of the lithosphere to a depth of 10 km by remote sensing to determine the physical parameters of its layers more accurately than ground methods; (ii) development of projects of geothermal power plants on the basis of single isolated wells of a given depth with a capacity of up to 2 ÷ 3 mW of electricity on continents of the globe; (iii) real-time monitoring and forecasting of the temperature field of the atmosphere according to its physical and chemical composition. In addition to thermal conductivity, nanofluids have lubricating, anticorrosive, absorbing properties of thermal energy of IR waves. e results obtained in this work on the complexation of conductive and radiative thermal conductivity allow us to study the energy-absorbing properties of infrared waves by nanofluids of different composition
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